A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan Parts I and II (2004) / Chapter Skim
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3 Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan
3 Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan
Pages 67-101
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From page 67... ...
As stated in Chapter 2, the basic organizing principles of the EPA water security research and technical support agenda should emphasize a continuing increase in the effectiveness and efficiency of our response ant! recovery capacity while identifying cost67
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From page 68... ...
DRINKING WATER The research and technical support projects for preventing, preparing for, and responding to physical, cyber, and contaminant attacks on drinking water supply systems are categorized in the Action Plan in six major sections: (1) protecting physical and cyber infrastructure, (2)
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From page 69... ...
methodologies for drinking water utilities (projects 3.1.a.3 and 3.1.a.4~. The evaluation of the basic VA methodology (e.g., Risk Assessment Methodology for Water or RAMW)
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From page 70... ...
elected and appointed officials regarding the value of water, increased water security, and the increased rate structure necessary to create the financial resources for implementing improved water security measures. These projects should be given high priority and initiated soon, since it will take time to put in place rate structures that will generate required financial resources.
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From page 71... ...
Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan 71 fourth need to assess the costs and benefits of countermeasures. These additional projects are of high priority and should be initiated as soon as possible and sequenced appropriately with the identification of countermeasures.
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From page 72... ...
Knowledge of critical contaminant properties, such as toxicity, environmental fate, and methods for mitigation, will be needed to respond effectively to attacks on the country's water supplies. The projects identified in the Action Plan are intended to address this need.
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From page 73... ...
The draft implementation plan recognizes that this effort will need to be directed toward the most critical information gaps and projects that will be most likely to yield results. The EPA will also need to coordinate their efforts with other agencies currently funding research on specific contaminants to address this research need.
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From page 74... ...
hotlines, where individuals are highly trained to lead the caller through the response steps, based on the characteristics of the event. When making decisions about the classification of and access to information, consideration must be riven to the costs and benefits of wideiv releasing the water security information.
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Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan 75 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .........................................................................
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From page 76... ...
Aside from obvious needs to define the extent of contamination, advise the public of the contamination, and, if necessary, take actions to avoid exposure, detection methods and associated protocols are essential for assessing performance of treatment and decontamination efforts. Project Evaluation The research projects identified in the Action Plan were evaluated to assess whether they could meet current water security needs related to contaminant identification.
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From page 77... ...
and others during the past several years, involving hundreds of researchers and at least $100 million. It is unreasonable to expect that the existing gaps can be filled in such a short time period with less than $1 million, as suggested in the draft Implementation Plan, although the EPA could make a valuable contribution by assessing recent and ongoing technological developments in contaminant analysis and identifying gaps and long-term research needs.
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From page 78... ...
As previously mentioned, there is some overlap between the Early Warning System (EWS) projects and projects 3.3.~.1 and 3.3.~.4, but no information was provided in the draft Implementation Plan to elaborate on the 3.3.e projects.
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From page 79... ...
Related monitoring projects should be closely coordinated with the Early Warning System projects so that monitoring technologies can be evaluated in that context. A project should be developed to explicitly address sampling protocols for water security threat scenarios, and additional research is needed to examine the spatial and temporal sampling requirements for water security events.
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80 A Review of the EPA Water Security Action Plan
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Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan 81
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3.4.a Improved Distribution System Models. The projects identified here can improve the application of hydraulic models for water security events.
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Basic monitoring technologies can be used to identify extraordinary occurrences, signaling a breach in the system that merits further investigation. Once the contaminant threat scenarios have been developed and the list of priority contaminants established (projects 3.2.a.1-2)
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From page 84... ...
3.4.c Newer Technologies and Treatment Processes for Water and Equipment That Have Been Contaminated. The nine projects to address the need for contaminant treatment after a water system has been contaminated should be viewed as support for the development of response protocols for water security (projects 3.4.b.1 and 3.4.~.1)
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From page 85... ...
Two additional projects are recommended to support the need for improved distribution system models: the EPA should conduct a survey of the use of hydraulic models at water utilities, and additional long-term research is needed to further enhance the capabilities of distribution system models. Several recommendations are provided to focus the projects on more reasonable near-term goals and to clarify longer-term research objectives.
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86 A Review of the EPA Water Security Action Plan ·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: ::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::::::: :: ::::::::::::: ::::::::::: ::: ::::::::::::::::::: ~ 4b Im d d ta do d d m - ~~ 'th ~ m ~ 1~ ~ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::...::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::....::::: ..............................................................................................................................
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From page 87... ...
The projects identified in the Action Plan are intended to address this need. Project Eva1/~uation The suite of projects described appears to adequately address the needs identified in the original Action Plan (see Box 3-5~.
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From page 88... ...
An analysis of recently developed water supply technologies should include an assessment of the reliability of the technologies, and the information should be made available as soon as is feasible. The projects to assess the interdependencies with infrastructure should utilize lessons learned from various case studies before evaluating potential contingency responses, and the benefits and risks of disaggregation or decentralization should also be considered.
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Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan 89
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both for water security concerns and for responding to the reports of drinking water contamination that occasionally occur. This information should be made widely available in a user-friendly format to utilities, public health agencies, and responders.
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From page 91... ...
All three projects identified here are essentially part of the same project, and they should be combined and completed within one year, as they are high priority components of a water security response protocol, along with the protocols or "play books" developed in 3.3.a.12 and 3.4.~1.1.
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From page 92... ...
Information sharing strategies also have to be considered, such as when to release information, who are the audiences, and how to explain risk. If existing risk communication strategies do not meet the needs of water security, the project could then tailor existing strategies as necessary.
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From page 93... ...
The final two proposed projects are also important to the refinement of risk communication strategies and tools, but information from these projects can be incorporated to improve the communication strategies and tools over time. summary The projects identified to improve the understanding of contamination-related health effects, develop or refine a risk management framework, and enhance risk communication are essential for water security preparedness and response, and several recommendations are made to enhance or expand on the projects proposed.
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From page 94... ...
The threats potentially posed by an attack on the wastewater system are different in important ways from those posed by an attack on the drinking water system. Protecting the wastewater systems against attack and precluding the wastewater system from being used as an instrument for attacking other critical infrastructure are both important and deserve attention.
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From page 95... ...
Storage of hazardous materials, such as chlorine gas, and disposal of contaminated wastes and sludges represent additional security concerns specific to wastewater systems. There are also some similarities between drinking water and wastewater security needs, and research and technical projects should be carefully planned so as not to duplicate ongoing work.
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From page 96... ...
The project that evaluates the linkages and interdependencies between drinking water and wastewater systems (4.a.4) may provide important insight that will help EPA managers evaluate the relative priority of additional wastewater security research.
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Review of Projects Identified in the Action Plan 97
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98 A Review of the EPA Water Security Action Plan ·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: ::: : .....
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From page 99... ...
Implementation also involves continually assessing ongoing work and emerging needs in the area of water security, building and sustaining collaborative relationships with other water security researchers and organizations, determining and articulating the roles and responsibilities of other organizations and federal agencies in conducting the work identified in the Action Plan, and identifying and securing the necessary funding to support the identified projects. An effective implementation plan would also include a process and schedule for reviewing the water security effort as it progresses, evaluating its impact, and reassessing its priorities.
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From page 100... ...
The EPA is currently struggling with many of these issues, and a plan for water security research communication is under development. The projects identified in the draft Implementation Plan are appropriately prioritized, although some additional components and separate projects are suggested to strengthen the effort.
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From page 101... ...
and 3.6.e and database development projects, such as 3.2.b, 3.2.c, and 3.4.c.~.) · Investigate means to utilize pertinent information from the community and incorporate improved two-way communication into the EPA communication strategy.
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