The Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-14
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With support from the Alfred P Sloan Foundation, the National Academy of Engineering initiated a study in 1998 to document and assess the contributions of academic research to the performance of five industry sectors: network systems and communications; medical devices and equipment; aerospace; transportation, distribution, and logistics services; and financial services.
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Academic research has made substantial contributions to all five industries, ranging from graduates at all levels trained in modern research techniques to fundamental concepts and key ideas based on basic and applied research to the development of tools, prototypes, and marketable products, processes, and services. The disciplinary sources of research contributions span the fields of engineering, the natural sciences, and the social and behavioral sciences, with advances in one field often combining and building on developments in other fields.
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In some cases, the original academic source of a basic understanding of a process or technology is forgotten by the time the knowledge is put to use; in other cases, Nobel prizes are awarded years later for fundamental breakthroughs. Individual academic researchers may or may not receive the credit they deserve for the constant flow of commercial innovations, but there can be no doubt that basic research and the publication of its results have made a unique and essential contribution to industrial performance.
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I ~ ~ 1 to World Wide Web I 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 | University ~ Industry R&D CTSS, Multics / BED Unix SDS 940, 360/67, VMS Berkeley, CMU, CERN PARC, DEC, IBM Novell, EMC, Sun, Oracle Sketchpad, Utah GM/IBM, Xerox, Microsoft E&S, SGI, ATI, Adobe Spacewar (MIT) , Trek (Rochester Atari, Nintendo, SGI, Pixar ARPANET, Aloha, Internet Pup DECnet, TCP/IP Rings, Hubnet Ethernet, Datakit, Autonet LANs, switched Ethernet Lisp machine, Stanford Xerox Alto Xerox Star, Apollo, Sun Engelbart / Rochester Alto, Smalltalk Star, Mac, Microsoft Berkeley, Caltech, MOSIS many Berkeley, Stanford IBM 801 SUN, SGI, IBM, HP · - - - - - Products ~ $1 bit.
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. , Speech recognition Broadband in last mile 1965 1970 1975 Berkeley, Wisconsin IBM Oracle, IBM, Sybase Tokyo, Wisconsin, UCLA IBM, ICE JCL, Teradata, Tandem Wisconsin, Stanford IBM, Arbor IRI, Arbor, Plato Illiac 4, CMU, Caltech, HPC IBM, Intel CM-5, Teradata, C ray T3D Berkeley Striping/Datamesh, Petal many Berkeley, Purdue (COMA)
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Sometimes academic applied research yields cumulative, incremental advances over time that prove to be of major importance to industry. Individual companies have also greatly benefited from university-based research to solve discrete practical problems related to
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Industry funds some academic applied research directly via research contracts and also indirectly through support of universitybased research centers. Industry funding of academic research increased throughout the 1990s, but industry still provides only a small proportion of total funds for academic research.
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Fifth, regulation and regulatory changes continue to have a profound influence on industry receptivity to contributions by academic research. In turn, academic research continues to shape the regulatory environment of many industries, including most of those in this study.
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Finally, information technologies are critical to the performance of all industries and will continue to be so in the future. Industry's need for the continued development, diffusion, and effective application of advanced information technologies presents major opportunities for academic research in mathematics, computer sciences, physical sciences, life sciences, multiple engineering disciplines, and social and behavioral sciences.
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. Congress and the administration should restore the balance in federal funding of academic research by increasing support for research in the physical sciences, engineering, and the social and behavioral sciences to complement and leverage the results of recent heavy investments in the life sciences and medical sciences.
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Academic research contributions and capabilities relevant to each industry should be documented and promoted in the targeted communities to educate senior managers about how academic research might improve company performance in the marketplace. · Common legal frameworks acceptable to industry and academia should be established detailing the terms of confidentiality and related conditions to facilitate academic researchers' access to operational networks and real-time data.
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General Recommendation 5. Government regulatory agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Securities and Exchange Commission, should be encouraged to sustain and strengthen their productive interaction with academic researchers and to continue to explore new mechanisms for bringing scientific and engineering advances, including scientifically based concepts and tools, to bear more rapidly and effectively on regulatory processes.
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Support more interdisciplinary research on existing and potential information technologies that combines engineering methods and the social and behavioral sciences. REFERENCE NRC (National Research Council)
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