Advancing the Federal Research Agenda on Violence Against Women (2004) / Chapter Skim
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3 Social Ecological Risks of Violence Against Women
3 Social Ecological Risks of Violence Against Women
Pages 59-65
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From page 59... ...
Indeed, recent research provides evidence for community effects on violence and social problems that may be gender-specific, including child abuse (Coulton et al., 1995; Coulton and Padney, 1992; Zuravin, 1989; Garbarino and Sherman, 1980) , teenage pregnancy (Sullivan, 1993, 1989)
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From page 60... ...
These studies have applied social structural theories and dynamic theories of social organization and social control to explain variation across neighborhoods or cities in rates of violence against women. Even with this knowledge, however, virtually no research has compared social or neighborhood risks of violence for female and male victims.
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From page 61... ...
The concentration of social structural deficits in urban areas weakens both informal and formal social controls on spouse assault. The significance of social networks for spouse assault is illustrated by researchers' understanding of both the risk factors involved and the importance of victims' ability to invoke informal social controls.
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From page 62... ...
The research agenda that emerges from a consideration of this work addresses a series of important scientific questions, as detailed below. Social and Spatial Epidemiology of Violence Research is needed to estimate the extent of variation in violence against women across census tracts or small neighborhoods, police precincts or districts, or other theoretically meaningful social area aggregations.
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From page 63... ...
Similarly, research should examine whether an increase in men's unemployment rate or educational attainment is associated with an increase in violence against women (Macmillan and Gartner, 1999~. Often researchers studying neighborhood ecology must deal with aggregation bias that may confound individual effects with effects of neighborhood context and therefore fail to detect true ecological effects.
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From page 64... ...
But the clustering of persons of similar social positions in neighborhoods or other homogeneous social areas suggests that areas themselves may influence aggregate rates of compliance with legal sanctions (see, for example, Mears et al., 2001~. Additionally, research has shown that dynamic processes of social control affect violence rates in neighborhoods (Dekeseredy et al., 2003; Sampson and Bartusch, 1998; Sampson et al., 1997)
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From page 65... ...
To avoid aggregation biases, these samples should be independent of the samples of individuals from whom epidemiological data on the incidence of violent victimization are collected. To obtain accurate estimates of the covarying influences of individual and area characteristics, the methods of data analysis employed must estimate multilevel effects and avoid the problems of clustering of individual and neighborhood risks (i.e., endogeneity)
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