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From page 307... ...
v. Peña, 53 scale measures used in surveys, 175 Administrative records 180 indicators of discrimination from, 910 sources of observational data, 165 and the reporting on multiple races, 220 175 Adverse impact discrimination, detecting, Audit studies 160161 accuracy issue, 109 African Americans, 15 combining features of laboratory and Agencies audit studies, 110112 program, 248251 limits of, 108114 research, 251253 methodology, 104105 Ambiguity validity issue, 109114 of prejudice, 60 Auditor heterogeneity, 113114 of race, 3334 Automatic discrimination, 5861 Ambivalent attitudes about race, 60, 183185 Avenues through which cumulative Anti-Defamation League, 174 discrimination may occur Assessment cumulative disadvantage and racial of racial discrimination causal inference, discrimination, 227233 7789 Avoidance, 57 of traffic-violating behaviors, 193194 307
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From page 308... ...
See Current Population Survey roles of randomization and Criminal justice, 4647 life-course theory of cumulative manipulation, 8385 smoking and lung cancer, 8687 disadvantage, 233234 study design and statistical methods, 81 Cumulative disadvantage, 6869 across domains, 224, 229231 83 weighing evidence from multiple studies, across generations, 223224 8588 across processes within a domain, 224 avenues through which cumulative Causation, not prediction, 199200 Census data, 191192 discrimination may occur, 227233 Citizen surveys, 194 broader consequences of a racially biased society, 231233 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 16, 48, 87 Title VI, 152 concept of cumulative discrimination, Title VII, 5051, 64, 244245 225227
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From page 309... ...
02-679] , 120 discrimination across processes within a Designs, 9293, 103 domain, 228229 experimental, 8283 effects cumulating across generations Differences-in-differences approach, 149 and through history, 68 Differential outcomes by race, 4449 effects cumulating through an criminal justice, 4647 individual's life across different education, 4445 domains, 6869 employment and income, 4546 effects cumulating through an health care and health outcomes, 4748 individual's life sequentially within housing markets and mortgage lending, any one domain, 69 47 life-course theory of, 233234 interpreting, 4849 measuring cumulative discrimination, Direct measurement of discrimination, 163 238245 165 models and theories of cumulative Disadvantaged racial groups, 4n, 17, 42 disadvantage, 233238 Discriminating behavior and racial discrimination, 1112, 223 effect of psychological mechanisms on 246 measures of, 100101 Cumulative discrimination, 1112 Discriminating firms, model of, 134 across generations, 227228 Discrimination Cumulative effects across domains, 229231 across generations and through history, across processes within a domain, 228 68 229 through an individual's life across blacks' perceptions of, 182 different domains, 6869 classic laboratory experiment on, 9697 through an individual's life sequentially disparate impact, 5152 within any one domain, 69 versus disparities, 195196 within-domain and across-domain, 251 domains operating in, 6668 253 episodic, 226 Current outcomes estimating from past examples of natural experiments to events, 243244 study, 149153 Current Population Survey (CPS)
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From page 310... ...
See Equal Employment Opportunity Federal classification standards, 3033 Commission Federal Executive Order 11246, 48 Effective profiles, 197200 Federal statistics, racial categories in, 2933 developing, 197200 Feedback models of cumulative inadequate data, 198199 disadvantage, labor market, 237238 prediction, not causation, 199200 Field experiments, 7, 103115 Effectiveness, standards for, 200 audit or paired-testing methodology, Embodied social signification, 26 104105 Employment and income, 4546 design, 103 Episodic definitions of discrimination, role housing audits, 106107 of cumulative disadvantage in, 6869 key examples, 105108 Episodic discrimination, 226 limits of audit studies, 108114 Equal Employment Opportunity Firms Commission (EEOC) , 153 discriminating, 134 Estimating an effect of discrimination, nondiscriminating, 134 inferential target, 109113 Fisher, R.A., 84 Estimating current outcomes from past events, 243244 Estimating disparate selection rates G assessment of traffic-violating behaviors, 193194 Gallup Organization, 182 census data, 191192 Gender segregation of jobs, 136 General Social Survey (GSS)
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From page 311... ...
See General Social Survey 137 Information on the occurrence of discrimination, using identifying, H 244245 Institute of Medicine, 48 HDS. See Housing Discrimination Study of Institute on Race and Poverty, 190n 2000 Intentional discrimination, 5658 Health care Internal departmental comparisons, 194 example of a natural experiment to Internal validity, 82 study discrimination, 151152 Interpersonal relations surveys, 165173 and health outcomes, 4748 Interpreting decomposition, 123125 Health Interview Survey (HIS)
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From page 312... ...
312 INDEX Legal definition of discrimination, 4953 standards for the collection of race and discrimination law regarding ethnicity data, 208213 governmental actions, 5253 Measuring cumulative discrimination, 238 disparate impact discrimination, 5152 245 disparate treatment discrimination, 50 cumulative disadvantage and racial 51 discrimination, 238245 Legal standards difficulties measuring cumulative comparison with the four types of discrimination, 239240 discrimination, 6566 estimating current outcomes from past current, 226 events, 243244 Life-course theory of cumulative identifying exposure to discrimination disadvantage, criminal justice, 233 over time, 241242 234 tabulating outcomes over time, 240241 Limitations using identifying information on the of audit studies, 108114 occurrence of discrimination, 244 effect of psychological mechanisms on 245 measures of discriminating behavior, Measuring racial discrimination, 511, 94 100101 95 of laboratory experiments, 99102 field experiments, 7 of natural experiments, 153154 indicators of discrimination from surveys Litigation, statistical analysis for, 119120 and administrative records, 910 Longitudinal data used to draw inferences laboratory experiments, 6 about discrimination, 148154 racial profiling as an illustrative Lung cancer and smoking, 8687 example, 1011 statistical analysis of observational data and natural experiment, 79 M Methodological factors, 71202, 169170 attitudinal and behavioral indicators of Manipulation, role of, 8385 discrimination, 910, 162185 Mass killings, 58 causal inference and the assessment of Matching score methods, 146147 racial discrimination, 7789 Matrix of race, 37 experimental methods for assessing Measurement of race, 3337, 189196 discrimination, 90117 ambiguity of race, 3334 illustration of methodological disparities versus discrimination, 195 complexity -- racial profiling, 1011, 196 186202 establishing disparate outcomes in improving, 171172 profiling situations, 189195 measurement issues, 189196 of explicit racism, 179180 profiling in the context of terrorism, inconsistent reporting, 3436 196202 of modern racism, 176179 racial profiling as an illustration of, 10 multiple indicators of racial 11, 186202 identification, 3637 statistical analysis of observational data, regarding race, 3337 79, 118161 self-identification of race, 36 "Mexican," 30 Measurement of race by the U.S. Mexican-American Legal Defense and government, 511, 205222 Educational Fund, 174 government data on race and ethnicity, Minority groups, 4n, 42 213217 Models of cumulative disadvantage, 233238 history, 206208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of issues in the reporting of data on cumulative disadvantage, 233234 multiple races, 217221
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From page 313... ...
See U.S. Office of Management and Natural experiments to study Budget discrimination, 148154 OMB revised standards of 1997 for the education, 152153 collection of race and ethnicity data, health care, 151152 212213 labor market, 149151 OMB standards of 1977 for the collection limitations of, 153154 of race and ethnicity data, 208209 statistical analysis of, 79 Omitted variables bias, 8, 137140 NCES.
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From page 314... ...
government surveys, 216 Potential outcomes and counterfactuals, 78 in the United States, 2729 81 Race and Ethnic Targeted Test, 210, 212 Prediction, not causation, 199200 Race defined, 23, 23, 2538 Princeton Survey Research Associates, 182 biological definition, 2526 Priority research topics, 248250 measurement issues, 3337 Problems, measuring cumulative race in the United States, 2729 discrimination, 239240 social construction of race, 2627 Problems, measuring discrimination by Race-specific intercepts with regression fitting statistical models to models, 121123 observational data, 137141 Racial categories in federal statistics, 2933 omitted variables bias, 137140 decennial census, 30 sample selection bias, 140141 federal classification standards, 3033 Simpson's paradox, 138139 in U.S. census, 31 Processes within a domain, cumulative Racial classifications disadvantage and racial objective, 26 discrimination, 224 subjective, 27 Profiling in the context of terrorism, 6163, Racial differences, statistical decompositions 196202 of, 121128 costs and benefits of profiling, 200201 Racial differentials in compensation, case of data sources on, 189191 professional athletes, 145 developing effective profiles, 197200 Racial discrimination, 1112, 3942, 223 establishing disparate outcomes in 246 specific situations, 189195 across domains, 224, 229231 illustration of methodological across generations, 223224 complexity, 1011, 186202 across processes within a domain, 224, as an illustrative example, 1011 228229 trade-offs, 201202 broader consequences of a racially Program agencies, 248251 biased society, 231233 facilitating data access and use, 250251 cumulative discrimination across priority research topics, 248250 generations, 227228
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From page 315... ...
See Cumulative effects Recommendations, 3, 67, 910, 12, 116 Seuss, Dr., 7778 117, 160, 181, 222, 246 Simpson's paradox, 137139 Regression models Smith, Thomas, 162173 race-specific, 122123 Smoking and lung cancer, 8687 with race-specific intercepts, 121122 Sneetches, The, 7778 used to decompose racial differences, Social-cognitive approach, 26 124 Social construction of race, 2627 Reporting biases, 170171 Social Security Act of 1935, 152 Reporting of data on multiple races, 217 Social signification embodied, 26 221 Solutions to problems of using statistical administrative data, 220 models to infer discrimination, 141 population controls, 220221 154 publication and release of data, 218 matching and propensity score methods, publication of multiracial survey data, 146147 219 natural experiments, 148154 rules for combining multiracial data for panel data methods, 147148 civil rights cases, 218 racial differentials in compensation- time-series data, 220 case of professional athletes, 145 Research agencies, 251253 use of longitudinal data to draw panel data, 251253 inferences about discrimination, 148 within-domain and across-domain 154 cumulative effects studies, 251253 using an indicator of productivity to Research on race and ethnicity address the omitted variables cumulative disadvantage and racial problem, 142145 discrimination, 1112, 223246 Sources of observational data, 165175 by federal statistical agencies, 209212 Standards for effectiveness, 200 measurement of race by the U.S. Standards for Maintaining, Collecting and government, 511, 205222 Presenting Federal Data on Race and next steps, 1213, 247253 Ethnicity, 212 priority topics, 248250 Standards for the collection of race and program agencies, 248251 ethnicity data, 208213 statistical analysis for, 119120 OMB revised standards of 1997, 212 See also Data collection and research 213 Residual "effects" as racial discrimination, OMB standards of 1977, 208209 128 research by federal statistical agencies on Roper Center, 168 race and ethnicity, 209212 Rules for combining multiracial data for See also Legal standards civil rights cases, 218 Statistical analysis of observational data, 79
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From page 316... ...
, 214, 215 differences, 121128 race and Hispanic origin population in decomposition and residual "effects" as the United States in 2000, 213 racial discrimination, 128 Tabulating outcomes interpreting the decomposition, 123125 over time, 240241 over time, 126127 Targets race-specific regression models, 122123 inferential, 109113 regression models with race-specific Teacher's College Record, 19 intercepts, 121122 Terrorism statistical decompositions over time, costs and benefits of profiling, 200201 126127 developing effective profiles, 197200 two pitfalls in statistical decomposition, profiling in the context of, 196202 125128 trade-offs, 201202 use of regression models to decompose Theories of cumulative disadvantage, 233 racial differences, 124 238 Statistical Directive Number 15, 208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of Statistical discrimination, 6163 cumulative disadvantage, 233234 Statistical methods, 8183 labor market -- feedback models, 237 Statistical models, developing, 129130 238 Structural discrimination, 63 public health -- ecosocial theory, 234 Study design and statistical methods, 8183 236 experimental designs, 8283 Theories of discrimination, 5570 observational studies, 83 comparison of legal standards with the Subtle discrimination, 5861 four types of discrimination, 6566 Survey limitations, 169171 domains in which discrimination methodological factors, 169170 operates, 6668 reporting biases, 170171 moving from episodic to dynamic Survey measures, means of improving, 171 definitions of discrimination -- role of 173 cumulative disadvantage, 6869 Surveys types of discrimination, 5665 citizen, 194 Time-series data and the reporting on indicators of discrimination from, 910 multiple races, 220 key examples of, 166168 Trade-offs in profiling, 201202 Surveys of interpersonal relations and racial Traffic-violating behaviors assessment, 193 discrimination, 165173 194 design and strengths, 165166 Translating experimental effects, 102 experiments in, 168 Transmission imperfect relationship of attitudes to of cumulative discrimination, 226 behaviors, 168169 Types of discrimination, 5665 key examples of surveys, 166168 comparison of legal standards with, 65 means of improving survey measures, 66 171173 survey limitations, 169171
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From page 317... ...
, 3032, 36, 206, 208209, Within-domain cumulative effects studies, 212, 218219, 220221 251253 U.S. Supreme Court, 51, 53, 64, 120 Workshop on Measuring Racial Disparities, 21 V Validity issues, 109114 auditor heterogeneity, 113114 external, 82
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