New Frontiers in Contraceptive Research A Blueprint for Action (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 219-230
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, that stimulates activity of the accessory male sex organs, encouraging development of male sex characteristics. Androgens are produced chiefly by the testes but also by the adrenal cortex and the ovary.
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Capacitation A process that takes place in the female reproductive tract by which sperm acquire the ability to fertilize an egg. cDNA see Complementary DNA cDNA subtraction hybridization methods A technique used to identify genes expressed differentially between two tissue samples.
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Contraceptive vaccines Vaccines which induce an immune response against proteins specific to the reproductive process and therefore block fertility. Cytokines Growth factors and immunoregulatory proteins such as interleukins that are secreted by cells and act as intercellular mediators.
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Fusion proteins Proteins formed by the expression of a hybrid gene, which is formed by combining two separate gene sequences, through recombinant DNA technology. Gamete Male or female reproductive cell (sperm or ovum)
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Germ cells The reproductive cells in the body; also called sex cells (in contrast to somatic cells)
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Immunocontraceptive method Any contraceptive method based on interference of some step of the reproductive process by products of an immune reaction, be it antibodies or cells. Immunogen Any substance that is capable of eliciting an immune response.
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Method failure rates This measures the effectiveness of a form of contraception based on only the method itself, assuming perfect use. See use effectiveness rates Microarrays A DNA microarray consists of a glass microscope slide or silicon chip onto whose surface thousands of specific DNA sequences
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Monthly methods Contraceptive methods that only are used once each month. Mutational screens Also known as forward genetic screens, these screens identify a gene on the basis of a phenotype, for example, infertility, by inducing random mutations in an experimental cell or animal and then mapping and isolating the gene that causes the phenotype.
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It is responsible for changes in the uterine endometrium in the second half of the menstrual cycle that are preparatory for implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of maternal placenta after implantation, and development of mammary glands. Prostaglandins A group of naturally occurring, chemically related longchain fatty acids that have certain physiological effects, including stimulating contraction of uterine and other smooth muscles, lowering blood pressure, and affecting certain hormones.
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Sexually transmitted infections have been estimated to cause from 20 percent to 40 percent of infertility in the United States. STIs can adversely affect fertility by three primary mechanisms; pregnancy loss, prenatal deaths, and damage to male or female reproductive capacity.
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Steroid hormone A group of related hormones (biochemical substances produced in one place in the body and affecting cells elsewhere) , based on the cholesterol molecule.
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230 NEW FRONTIERS IN CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH Vasectomy A surgical procedure in which segments of the vas deferens are removed and the ends tied to prevent passage of sperm. Vasectomy should be regarded as permanent, although reversal is possible in some cases.
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