Review of the Desalination and Water Purification Technology Roadmap (2004) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 8-18
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From page 8... ...
This will require innovative water management, increased application of water conservation, and novel technologies that can "create" fresh water from nontraditional sources. Desalination technologies can create new sources of fresh water from otherwise impaired waters such as seawater or brackish water, but current financial and energy costs keep these technologies out of the reach of many communities.
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From page 9... ...
After all, just as drought conditions can reduce the amount of water available, reductions in water quality can diminish the available water supply for its intended use. Properly designed water treatment can transform otherwise non-usable water to usable water, thereby increasing the amount of available water.
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From page 10... ...
SOURCE: Adapted from United States Filter Corporation, 1998 (with permission)
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From page 11... ...
Wastewater reclamation refers to the treatment of wastewater to water quality conditions that will allow its beneficial reuse. Modern wastewater treatment plants typically reclaim biologically treated wastewater through a final sand filtration step.
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From page 12... ...
. Many different desalination technologies exist to separate dissolved salts from water, and the choice of technology used depends on a number of site-specific factors, including source water quality, the intended use of the water produced, plant size, capital costs, energy costs, and the potential for energy reuse.
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From page 13... ...
5000 4000 gd) Thermal (M Membrane 3000 capacity e 2000 lativ mu Cu 1000 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year FIGURE 1-5 Chart showing total capacity of desalination plants worldwide by type of technology used.
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From page 14... ...
It is, however, very difficult to generalize about costs since they depend so importantly on variables that are peculiar to each site. Desalination costs include capital costs and operation costs, which can vary significantly across various locations and according to source water type (e.g., seawater, brackish water)
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From page 15... ...
Water quality and economics have always been inseparable variables in water supply development. In the past, high quality source waters required minimal treatment and minimal cost to deliver as sources of domestic supply, but as these high quality source waters become scarcer, additional resources will be needed to maintain or restore water quality.
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From page 16... ...
Near-term objectives were developed based on feasible improvements to current technologies, but reaching the mid- or long-term objectives will 2 The Desalination and Water Purification Technology Roadmap was also called the Desalination Technology Progress Plan and the Desalination Research Roadmap in previous versions of the document and related correspondence.
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From page 17... ...
The five technological areas considered in the Roadmap include membranes, thermal technology, alternative desalination technologies, concentrate management, and reuse and recycling. Case studies are developed to describe how future desalination technologies can help address water supply needs across the nation in coastal cities, inland urban and rural areas, the Mid-Atlantic States, and oil, gas, and coal basin communities.
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From page 18... ...
The committee's conclusions and recommendations are based on a review of the Desalination and Water Purification Technology Roadmap and relevant technical literature, information gathered at two committee meetings, and the collective expertise of the committee members. The committee's first meeting included presentations from the Bureau of Reclamation, Sandia National Laboratories, members of the Roadmapping Team, and other experts in desalination research.
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