NIH Extramural Center Programs Criteria for Initiation and Evaluation (2004) / Chapter Skim
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2 Current Use of Center Awards
2 Current Use of Center Awards
Pages 34-61
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From page 34... ...
A later section of the chapter discusses the fact that NIH's coding of center grants leaves out a relatively small but growing, and perhaps important, set of awards that appear to support centers but are not coded as center awards in NIH's budget and extramural award statistics. OVERALL NUMBER, COST, AND LOCATION OF NIH CENTER AWARDS In February 2003, when NIH submitted its FY2004 budget request to Congress, it estimated that it would fund 1,209 research center awards in FY2003 at a cost of $2.4 billion per year.
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From page 35... ...
This distribution is generally in line with the overall distribution of NIH extramural awards of all kinds. Funding for center grants has generally increased in line with the overall NIH budget in recent years, constituting between 8 percent and 9 percent of the total NIH budget during the 1992 to 2003 period (Figure 2-2)
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From page 36... ...
The increase in the funding of center awards since FY1992 has been approximately the same as the increase in funding for RPGs and for all research grants during the same period. There has been more of a change in the size of center grants because the number of center awards has not grown as fast as the funding.
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From page 37... ...
37 is table of key 0 715.5 968.8 80.0 The 551.8 316.0 318.0 2,589.0 1,662.2 2,779.0 2,629.8 Amount Funding 15,203.8 19,455.0 27,814.0 2003)
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From page 38... ...
38 of ce Offi NIH change, by 15.4 29.4 Percent 1992-2001 29.6 48.0 1.9 NA 60.9 32.0 11.8 53.6 43.8 44.4 34.5 136.4 18.2 73.3 24.6 19.0 36.1 29.0 26.5 171.4 provided 15 66 19 37 14 33 19 13 69 26 39 26 63 26 81 52 19 50 data 2001 140 313 807 1120 15 65 17 29 16 94 34 17 15 68 27 37 17 73 21 81 57 10 48 (IMPAC) 2000 283 741 1024 9 17 61 14 37 10 94 33 17 19 65 27 34 76 20 82 57 46 1999 262 989 727 Coordination 7 and 14 66 22 27 64 32 17 21 58 25 33 75 13 82 54 38 1998 257 912 655 9 Analysis, 15 72 14 26 68 30 18 48 57 22 32 70 16 77 55 38 1997 265 939 674 FY1992-FY2001 Planning, 16 60 14 29 68 30 16 32 59 24 31 10 69 14 78 55 39 1996 278 928 650 Institute, 15 66 14 31 78 36 16 27 59 23 30 10 68 12 75 57 43 1995 267 933 666 by Management, for 8 13 63 14 31 34 15 29 59 22 30 78 12 68 60 44 1994 157 241 985 744 Awards 2002.
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From page 39... ...
. The pattern of funding was similar to that of the number of center awards (Table 2-3)
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From page 40... ...
, U01 (research project cooperative agreements) , K01 (research scientist development awards)
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From page 41... ...
Percent $24.0 $24.2 $25.0 $8.2 48.6 $4.9 24.7 $70.9 $72.3 $75.0 $29.6 65.4 $20.9 38.8 $15.9 $19.4 $22.7 $7.9 53.4 $5.1 28.7 $30.2 $29.1 $32.0 $9.4 41.9 $5.1 19.1 $13.4 $21.7 $20.8 $20.8 NA $20.8 NA $206.5 $242.9 $299.9 $154.7 106.6 $126.9 73.3 $45.9 $47.7 $47.0 $22.9 95.4 $18.3 63.9 $19.1 $16.4 $16.0 -$0.3 2.1 $3.5 17.9 $23.8 $24.4 $24.1 $5.6 30.2 $2.0 9.2 $63.7 $67.0 $76.1 $35.6 87.7 $27.8 57.4 $27.6 $29.3 $31.6 $14.7 86.6 $11.4 56.5 $13.0 $14.8 $17.9 $10.2 133.5 $8.7 95.9 $7.4 $49.8 $91.1 $83.7 1135.0 $82.3 936.0 $59.1 $60.7 $60.6 $10.7 21.4 $1.1 1.9 $139.4 $170.1 $240.5 $211.2 719.5 $205.6 587.4 $122.4 $123.8 $126.7 $30.2 31.3 $11.7 10.1 $81.3 $78.5 $75.5 $11.7 18.4 $0.5 0.7 $3.0 $4.0 $6.2 $4.5 271.3 $4.2 211.5 $53.7 $58.9 $59.8 $28.4 90.2 $22.3 59.5 $388.9 $435.5 $588.2 $342.3 139.2 $295.0 100.6 $1,408.9 $1,590.6 $1,936.4 $1,042.0 116.5 $870.1 81.6 $1,020.0 $1,155.1 $1,348.3 $699.7 107.9 $575.1 74.4 The activity codes constituting the research center mechanism, and their definitions, are provided in Appendix B The predominant codes for research center awards are P30 core grants, P50 and U54 specialized centers, and P60 comprehensive centers.
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From page 42... ...
SOURCE: Unpublished table of IMPAC data provided by the NIH Office of Extramural Research, October 29, 2002 2002. The comparable shares for core grant centers were 37 percent and 31 percent, and for comprehensive centers they were 9 percent and 6 percent, respectively.
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From page 43... ...
In constant dollars, funding for P50/U54 specialized centers increased by 110 percent from 1992 to 2001, compared with 48 percent and 12 percent for core grant centers and comprehensive centers, respectively. Several factors help explain the large relative increase in funding of specialized centers.
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From page 44... ...
Because this was roughly the same rate of increase as in the NIH budget as a whole, the share of NIH funding devoted to center grants did not increase appreciably over that period. If the President's budget request for FY2004 is enacted, centers will increase their share of the NIH budget slightly, from an estimated 8.9 percent in FY2003 to 9.3 percent.
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From page 45... ...
U01, U19, and U10 cooperative agreements, commonly used to support clinical trials and clinical research groups and networks spanning a number of medical centers, accounted for 9 percent. Center awards accounted for 11.5 percent of the budget for extramural research.
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From page 46... ...
It is not possible to determine the percentage of the NIH budget going to R01s, say, compared with center grants, because the Budget Office data (which include the total amount of NIH funding) do not break out funding by activity code, e.g., P30 or R01, and the Office of Extramural Programs data (which break out funding by activity code)
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From page 47... ...
published by NIH between 2001 and 2003) yielded the following synthesis of the major justifications offered for centers or center programs: · Centers enable a stable, long-term institutional focus on a complex set of problems that cross disciplinary lines that is not likely to occur through R01s alone, because the multidisciplinary milieu of a center fosters scientific interactions and collaborations that can stimulate scientific creativity and speed new developments in an area of research more effectively than would be possible with individual investigators working in relative isolation.
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From page 48... ...
Broadening the distribution of research funding across the country is the purpose of a number of center programs, such as NCRR's Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence and Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network, Specialized Neuroscience Research Programs at Minority Institutions of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) , and the Cooperative Reproductive Science Research Centers at Minority Institutions of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
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From page 49... ...
Although funding for center awards has been growing steadily over the past decade, as Figure 2-2 shows, the share of the NIH budget devoted to center awards has been stable at between 8 and 9 percent. Center grants and other institute-initiated programs also differ from most individual-investigator-initiated and program project grants in the way that proposals applications are solicited and evaluated, and that difference also can be a source of friction within the scientific community.
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From page 50... ...
As with investigator-initiated grants, the institute posts a periodic submission date. Unlike with investigator-initiated grants, however, applicants for these center grants must follow rather detailed guidelines published by the institute.
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From page 51... ...
. The success rate of proposals in the initial round of funding may be low, for example, when 10-12 applicants vie for, say, three center grants, but subsequent success rates for center applications are usually higher than for individual-investigator renewal applications.
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From page 52... ...
, in which related R01 research project grants are submitted together, and "mini" core grants, in which R24 (or U24) research resource-related grants are used to encourage already-funded investigators to work together on a problem by providing resources not available where investigators are working separately.
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From page 53... ...
Although glue grant consortia are supported with U54 center grants, the local organizational entities are not really centers in the traditional sense. NCI is using U54 center grants to develop several networks of translational research teams, one to focus on molecular targets for cancer drug development, another on optical imaging.
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From page 54... ...
The concept is that if the centers are networked to share information and conduct collaborative studies, they are more effective than when each center works on its own. The recent autism, muscular dystrophy, and rare diseases center programs have been structured so that, in addition to traditional within-center interdisciplinary and translational research activities, there is between-center collaboration coordinated by an overall steering committee.
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From page 55... ...
were coded as RPGs or other research grants rather than as center grants. Examples include NHLBI's Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities, which are being funded through U01 cooperative research project agreements; NIAID's Autoimmunity Centers of Excellence, funded through U19 cooperative research program agreements; NIAID's Asthma and Allergic Diseases Research Centers, funded by P01 program project grants; and NICHD's Population Research Centers, which are being switched from P30 core grant support to R24 resource-related research project grants.
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From page 56... ...
Funding can be by N01 R&D contracts, P01 program project grants, U01 cooperative research project agreements, U10 cooperative clinical research agreements, or U24 cooperative resource-related research project agreements; local research as well as participation in multisite projects is encouraged and sometimes included in the requirements for funding; and training clinicians and junior investigators is sometimes specified. Examples include NHLBI's Programs of Excellence in Gene Therapy (U01)
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From page 57... ...
Alternatives to centers for supporting team research, including interdisciplinary and translational research, include P01 program project grants (intended to support multiple investigators conducting research with a common theme) ; R24 infrastructure development grants (used like small core grants)
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From page 58... ...
A more detailed definition is that contained in the NIH document called National Institutes of Health FY2001 Investments:21 Research Center grants are awarded to extramural research institutions to provide support for long-term multidisciplinary programs of medical re search. They also support the development of research resources, aim to integrate basic research with applied research and transfer activities, and promote research in areas of clinical applications with an emphasis on intervention, including prototype development and refinement of prod ucts, techniques, processes, methods, and practices.
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From page 59... ...
The primary goal of center infrastructure awards is to facilitate the conduct of research on a particular disease or scientific issue by enabling interactions and collaborations among investigators and by eliminating duplication and increasing efficiency in the provision of common and often expensive research tools and services. P30 core grants are the prototype, although some center programs use other types of awards to support center infrastructure (e.g., R24 resource-related research project grants)
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From page 60... ...
NIH does not consistently apply either the term "center" or center award activity codes to centers. This inconsistency makes it difficult to describe accurately the extent of research funding devoted to support of centers or evaluate the relative effectiveness of center awards or how well center programs complement other NIH-funded activities.
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From page 61... ...
Presentation to the IOM Committee on Centers of Excellence at NIH, Washington, DC. NCRR (National Center for Research Resources)
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