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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants Volume 1 (2004) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
Pages 1-8

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From page 1...
... requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of exposure guidelines for specific chemicals.
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From page 2...
... Other sources of chemical contaminants include mechanical leaks, microbial metabolites, payload chemicals, biocidal agents added to the water to retard bacterial growth (e.g., silver, iodine) , fouling of the filtration system, and incomplete processing of the water.
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From page 3...
... Data collected from space-shuttle and Mir missions indicate that organic compounds found in processed water samples are vastly different from the list of target compounds developed by EPA for protection of public drinking water supplies. SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON METHODS FOR DEVELOPING SWEGs Data In developing SWEGs, several types of data should be evaluated, including data on (1)
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From page 4...
... Risk assessments for exposure to noncarcinogenic substances traditionally have been based on the premise that an adverse health effect will not occur below a specific threshold exposure. Given this assumption, an exposure guidance level can be established by dividing the noobserved-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
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From page 5...
... The latter factors are used to account for uncertainties associated with microgravity, radiation, and stress. Some of the ways astronauts canbe physically, physiologically, andpsychologically compromised include decreased muscle mass, decreased bone mass, decreased red blood cell mass, depressed immune systems, altered nutritional requirements, behavioral changes, shift of body fluids, altered blood flow, altered hormonal status, altered enzyme concentrations, increased sensitization to cardiac arrhythmia, and altered drug metabolism.
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From page 6...
... Because the astronaut population is typically composed of healthy, nonpregnant adults, the subcommittee believes that an uncertainty factor for intraspecies differences should only be used if there is evidence that some individuals could be especially susceptible to the contaminant. Exposure Guidelines Set by Other Organizations Several regulatory agencies have established exposure guidance levels for some of the contaminants of concern to NASA.
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From page 7...
... Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council)
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From page 8...
... Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council)
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Key Terms

  • water exposure
  • spacecraft water
  • uncertainty factors
  • allowable concentrations
  • maximum allowable

  • airborne contaminants
  • spacecraft maximum
  • selected airborne
  • exposure conversions
  • drinking water

  • exposure guidance
  • developing swegs
  • guidance levels
  • sweg reports
  • human exposure

  • exposure data
  • water supplies
  • developing spacecraft
  • space station
  • public drinking

  • hygiene water
  • toxicity studies
  • water contaminants
  • chemical contaminants
  • bmd approach

  • nrc subcommittee
  • guidelines set
  • ofthe contaminant
  • set elsewhere
  • swegs documents


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