Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants Volume 1 (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix 7: Phenol
Appendix 7: Phenol
Pages 248-289
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From page 248... ...
/L in a regenerated potable water sample (SVO-ZV) collected aboard on Jan 10,2001, during Expedition 1 (ISS-5A)
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From page 249... ...
A similar study by Kao et al.
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These results revealed that, if glucuronic acid and sulfate are not depleted, and the conjugating enzymes are not saturated, little phenol is metabolized to quino! or other P-450 metabolic products.
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From page 251... ...
Recovery of radioactivity from the urine of test and control animals over 3 h was essentially the same. Urine samples from both groups of rats contained phenol conjugates; the test rats had a higher proportion of phenol glucuronide in their urine than did control rats.
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From page 252... ...
The concentration then decayed exponentially, and urinary phenol concentrations returned to pre-exposure levels within 16 h after the exposure ended. Excretion followed f~rst-order kinetics with an elimination half-life of 3.5 h.
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Information about the total amount of phenol applied to each patient was not provided. Phenol concentrations in serum of blood collected at unspecified times after application ofthe exfoliator ranged from 4.4 mg/L to 323 mg/L.
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From page 254... ...
Analysis of water samples collected on March 16,17, and 18 showed that the samples had phenol concentrations of 0.05, 0.05, and <0.01 mg/L, respectively. On March 19, the concentration of chlorophenols in tap water was 0.085 mg/L.
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197S, as cited in ACGIH 1991~. Phenol concentrations in water samples collected 7 ~ after the spill from the two nearest wells (on
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From page 256... ...
Tests of water samples collected from the six nearest wells during the last week of July and all of August showed phenol concentrations ranging from 15 mg/L to 126 mg/L. Most families continued to drink their well-water for several weeks after the spill, until an unusual taste or odor developed.
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From page 257... ...
Animal Studies The subchronic toxicity of phenol was determined in groups of 10 B6C3F, mice and 10 F-344 rats of each gender exposed to drinking water containing phenol at 0, 100, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 parts per million (ppm)
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From page 258... ...
If we assume that in the 13-wk NCI phenol study the control animals and the animals whose water consumption was not affected by the phenol treatment consumed the same amount of water as the control animals in the NTP 13-wk studies listed in Table 7-3, and if we also take into account the reduction of water consumption in the high-dose groups, then it is possible to estimate the 13-wk average amounts of daily water consumption in all the phenol-treated groups, which is shown in Tables 7-4 and 7-5. The NCI 13-wk phenol study reported the body weights of all groups; that information is needed for dose estimation.
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From page 259... ...
The EPA Office of Water Health Advisories (EPA 1993) also calculated the daily doses of phenol consumption for these NCI studies (which are also included in Tables 7-4 and 7-5 for comparison)
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No clinical signs related to phenol consumption were observed in either species at any time during the study. Histopathologic study was conducted on all major organs as well as on bone, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, the entire alimentary tract, sex organs, reproductive and urinary tracts, and the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, and other endocrine glands.
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, four dams died from treatment; clinical signs included tremor, ataxia, lethargy, irritability, and weight loss. Fetuses borne by the highest-dose group had reducedbody weights.
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270 Cal Cal .
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The immunotoxicologic potential of phenol was evaluated in male CD- 1 mice exposed to drinking water containing phenol at 0,4.7,19.5, and 95.2 mg/L for 4 wk (Hsieh et al.1992~. White blood cell and differential white blood cell counts and spleen cellularity were not affected by phenol treatment.
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274 so an Ct .
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275 an at C)
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From page 278... ...
As illustrated in the study by Berman et al., all eight rats survived when they were given single gavage doses of phenol at 120 mg/kg; however, all eight rats died when that dose was administered daily for up 14 ~ (Table 7-11~. Based on the information on phenol metabolism and pharmacokinetics, one could conclude that phenol given as a bolus dose by any route would be much more toxic than if it was administered in drinking water.
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From page 279... ...
However, when the dose was 265 mg/kg, the same laboratory showed that phenol produced micronuclei (Table 7-12~. These high doses, which overwhelmed the detoxification mechanism, have little value for assessing the genotoxicity of phenol ingested in drinking water.
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EPA used safety factors different from those used by NASA. The NASA spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs)
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From page 281... ...
281 an C)
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of lymphocytes from the highest-dose group was significantly lower than the response of lymphocytes isolated from control animals. However, white blood cell and differential white blood cell counts and spleen cellularity were not affected by the phenol treatment.
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From page 283... ...
tissues and organs showed no gross or microscopic histopathologic effects attributable to the phenol consumption. In this study, the male and female rats consumed 101 mg/kg/d and 144 mg/kg/d, respectively; the corresponding values for mice were 196 mg/kg/d and 302 mg/kg/~.
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From page 285... ...
1983. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: Odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution.
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Phenol studies VII. Chronic phenol poisoning with special reference to the effects upon experimental animals of the inhalation of phenol vapor.
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.199la. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine dihydrochloride in F344/N Rats (Drinking Water Studies)
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From page 288... ...
. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chlorinated Water and Chloraminated Water in F344/N Rats and B6C3F 1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies)
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From page 289... ...
1978. Decontamination of the skin of swine following phenol exposure: A comparison of the relative efficacy of water versus polyethylene glycol/industrial methylated spirits.
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