Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1988) / Chapter Skim
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3. Benefits Derived from the Use of Animals
3. Benefits Derived from the Use of Animals
Pages 27-37
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From page 27... ...
, it is not possible by commonly accepted ethical aIld moral standards or by law to perform most experiments on humans initially. It IS true that not every experiment using animals yields immediate and practical results, but the advances that will be described in this chapter provide evidence that this 27
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From page 28... ...
That set the stage for mass production of viruses that could be made into formalin-~nactivated Salk vaccine or the modified liv~virus Sabin vaccine (Salk, 1983~. Although the use of monkeys in polio research has decreased considerably, they are still essential to the production of both live and killed polio vaccines, which are routinely produced in monkey kidney cell cultures.
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From page 29... ...
In monkeys, the virus that causes the disease has been isolated, infectibility studies have been conducted, and some exper~rnents have provided preliminary indications of the possibility of vaccine development. This animal model might prove useful for testing the efficacy and safety of vaccines and therapeutic agents developed to prevent or treat the human disease (Institute of Medicine, 1986~.
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From page 30... ...
In the past, young women with chronic pyelonephritis, patients with genetic polycystic disease, and people suffering from the aftermath of streptococcal infections were ad vulnerable to chronic renal failure en c] death.
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From page 31... ...
As a result of these developments, more than 80 percent of infants born with congenital cardiac abnormalities now can be treated surgically and can lead normal lives. Replacement of heart valves and segments of large arteries in the treatment of valvular heart disease was made feasible by dog studies done in the late 1940s and early 1950s (Gay, 1984~.
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From page 32... ...
inhibitory processes work in the central nervous system. Today, neurosurgeons can remove some brain tumors with minimal damage to the motor system in part because scientists such as Sherrington discovered that localized electrical stimulation of the exposed brain of the dog COI11d elicit discrete movements of the limbs.
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From page 33... ...
In normal development, the visual cortex consists of alternating bands of reactive neuron from the right and left eyes; but In a monkey with an occluded eye, the regular alternation is weakened, and most neurons react only to the normal eye. These anatomical and physiological changes are the basis of blindness in the occluded eye.
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From page 34... ...
The close correlation between the effects of visual deprivation observed in animals and the effects observed in the clinic suggests that they are based on similar physiological mechanisms. This correlation has been helpful in developing appropriate measures of prevention and treatment of neural eye disorders.
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From page 35... ...
Reflex behavior, such as the ta~-flick, is a useful index of the comparative effectiveness of analgesics, as wed as of the effects of manipulating chern~cal messengers in the central pain pathways (Willis, 1985~. The understanding of intrinsic brain mechanisms of pain and its modification wid require the use of modern techniques for cell marking and pathway tracing, immunocytochemical and microphysiological methods, and sophisticated behavioral studies.
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From page 36... ...
Examples include current research on Potomac fever in horses, the development of ivermect~n to eradicate parasitic diseases in a variety of animals, and the development of vaccines for feline leukemia virus and canine parvovirus. Research anned at human illnesses has also had immeasurable benefits for animals.
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From page 37... ...
The searching and systematic methods of scientific inquiry have greatly reduced the incidence of human disease and have substantially increased life expectancy. Those results have come largely through experimental methods based in part on the use of animals, as illustrated by the many examples cited in this chapter.
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