Need for a Multipurpose Cadastre (1980) / Chapter Skim
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3 Technical Requirements
3 Technical Requirements
Pages 44-74
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From page 44... ...
for the multipurpose cadastre base map and cadastral overlay described in Sections 3.2 and 3.3, respective44
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From page 45... ...
The sections following give more detailed descriptions of the technical requirements for the reference frame, base map, and cadastral overlay aspects of a multipurpose cadastre, introduce mechanisms that may be considered in development of multipurpose data systems; discuss some needed improvement in surveying practices that will establish the cadastre on a firm basis; and consider the roles of public and private utilities. 3.1 GEODETIC REFERENCE NETWORK A survey control base is needed to create an integrated land-records and-information system.
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From page 46... ...
~ , 1 l l l (a) , Metes & Bounds Surveys ' Official Cadastral Surveys (BLINK Other Legal Surveyst Recorded Plats - Subdivisions - Amalgamations - Easements - Registration Utility Records J Photogrammetry Field Surveys BLM Records Geodesy Field Surveys 1> Photogrammetry 5 Cadastral Parcels Boundaries Easements Harbor Lines Riparian Rights (Section 3.3)
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From page 47... ...
~ ~ o As ~ He as E .' CO Cal Cal Cal C |
From page 48... ...
This is the thrust of standards proposed in the preliminary report of the North American Institute for the Modernization of Land Data Systems' Ad Hoc Committee formed by representatives of the American Bar Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (Chatterton and McLaughlin, 1975~. In Section 5.3 of that report the following is recommended: The committee has concluded that "all descriptions of land parcels, easements, and other interest in land required for conveyancing, taxation, and any other purposes should be ultimately tied to the state/prov~ncial plane coordinate system." Only in this way can the consumer be afforded acceptable protection .
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From page 49... ...
3.~.2 Horizontal Geodetic Control for Property Boundaries Further densification of the local geodetic system will create a reference framework suitable for boundary control. In both remote and rural areas the existence of evenly spaced accessible geodetic control is essential for the designation of ownership parcels.
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All local datums (except tidal datums) should be tied to the latest National Geodetic Vertical Datum (currently 1929)
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From page 51... ...
Established leveling procedures and standards should be followed (Federal Geodetic Control Committee, 1978~. We recommend that local vertical datums be referenced to the latest ~ational Geodetic Vertical Datum.
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From page 52... ...
This may be accomplished by grid-oriented photogrammetric mapping. New base maps should be tested and certified by a Registered Land Surveyor or photogrammetric engineer to ensure compliance with U.S.
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From page 53... ...
The Massachusetts Land Records Commission has developed guidelines to qualify existing maps for the purpose of assigning land-parcel identifiers (Greulich, 1976~. Base maps can be conventional photogrammetric line maps or orthophoto maps.
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From page 54... ...
3.3 CADASTRAL PARCEL 3.3.1 Definition of the Cadastral Parcel A cadastre requires a fundamental unit of land—a cadastral parcel. This unit of land becomes the basic building block for maintaining land information,
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From page 55... ...
The cadastral parcel for a multipurpose cadastre is that unit of land for which there is a unique and complete bundle of rights. Public lands, railway, highway, and utility corridors, as a matter of convenience, may also be 1?
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From page 56... ...
The assessment offices have become the primary source of maps of property parcels, although such maps for defining parcels for purposes associated with a knowledge of rights and interests are not always sufficient. Thus, despite their unique responsibility, rooted in the valuation function for maintaining comprehensive data on the entire inventory of land parcels, tax officials often have a limited need for strictly ownership information.
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From page 57... ...
Public and private utilities spend large sums of money to acquire, assemble, and store infrastructure records (Clapp and Niemann, 1977~. Resource and Environmental Records are typically concerned with the natural division of land that may not necessarily coincide with the individual land parcels.
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From page 58... ...
It is a subject under investigation by many groups, including the American Bar Association (Chatterton and McLaughlin, 1975~. Suggested improvements include those associated with the proposed Uniform Simplification of Land Transfer Act (National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 1977)
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From page 59... ...
These requirements were stated in terms of the three basic components of the multipurpose cadastre: reference frame, base maps, and cadastral overlay (see Figure 1.1~. This section presents several additional requirements necessary to link various parts of the cadastre.
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From page 60... ...
Such use of the parcel identifier would be sufficient for legal descriptions of parcels, as proposed in the Uniform Simplification of Land Transfers Act (National Conference of Commissioners, 1977~. The lack of a parcel index in many parts of the United States is one of the primary shortcomings of the present system of land conveyancing.
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From page 61... ...
Some localities have chosen to use geocodes as the unique parcel identifier numbers. The advantages of the geocode parcel identifiers probably exceed the disadvantages because of possible need for changes in the code due to resurveying, remapping, and datum readjustment.
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From page 62... ...
Nonparcel Data Links. The locations of many of the natural attributes of land that are critical for land management bear no particular relation to land ownership and must be described by boundaries determined independently of cadastral parcels.
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From page 63... ...
Prototypes for interim cadastral systems that can serve during implementation periods are outlined in Section 4.4. 3.5 IMPROVEMENTS IN SURVEYING PRACTICE The material that follows sets forth specific problems in surveying practice that require improvement in order to delineate physically the cadastral parcel.
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From page 64... ...
These standards should, as a minimum, meet those advocated by the Federal Geodetic Coordinating Committee. 3.5.2 Monuments and Coordinates Originally the legal description in a deed was a means to an end, enabling the reader to retrieve corner monuments of a land parcel.
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From page 65... ...
In addition, at some stage of a boundary survey, the surveyor will continue to have to walk the land in order to determine legal corners mathematically or to mark legal corners physically. Among the metes and bounds states, it appears that the Massachusetts Land Court is the sole agency that since 1898 has regularly decreed property boundaries binding on both petitioner and abutter.
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From page 66... ...
recommended that coordinates of all township corners be established by first-order methods and all section comers become second-order geodetic control stations (Federal Geodetic Committee, 1978~. They also stated that in the description of real property, State Plane Coordinates "can be made more definite, certain, and material than other systems." The Bureau of Land Management long ago, recognized the value of including coordinates in their data files.
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From page 67... ...
For property under construction, the survey should originate at an off-site third- or higher-order geodetic control point (Federal Geodetic Control Committee, 1978) in order to minimize loss of a critical point during construction.
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From page 68... ...
\t N 5 km /~ PARCELS\ ~ ~ ' ' 3rd OR Prod ORDER GEODFnC CONTROL POINT (TYP) RURAL ~1 i, I km SUBURBAN/RURAL L ~ URBAN/SUBURBAN FIGURE 3.2 Examples of acceptable ties of boundary control to geodetic control points.
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From page 69... ...
\ 1 ~ -/ 5rd OR 2~ ORE C L Dim ma)
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From page 70... ...
Loose, faulty and ignorant conveyances, the use of perishable landmarks or no landmarks at all, the temptation to build fences 'off line' for a dozen reasons, good and bad, and innumerable other things have conspired to render the boundaries of land the most uncertain of all things." Many of the same problems are inherent in boundary surveys today. The question of monuments versus coordinates was considered by a joint committee of the American Bar Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers (1941~.
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From page 71... ...
2. Title insurance companies agree that allfuture policies be accompanied by a survey plan; and the American Land Title Association and the American Bar Association propose model standards.
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It will be necessary to adopt minimum standards for field notes. They serve to support a permanent public record and should be certified by the registered land surveyor responsible for the suney.
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From page 73... ...
It must show the official parcel identifier of an ownership parcel as well as that of the abutting properties. The plan should be similar to that currently required by title insurance companies or by the Massachusetts Land Court, with enlarged subsketches for critical dimensions and offsets.
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From page 74... ...
As-built location plans at a scale compatible with the official cadastral base map should be prepared and certified by a survey engineer. Surface structures, such as manholes, catch basins, gate covers, hydrants, and utility poles should be identified by street and State Plane or Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates, numbered by utility, indexed, mapped, and filed in the data bank.
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