Naval Forces' Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Additional Information on the Five Commodity Areas
Appendix C: Additional Information on the Five Commodity Areas
Pages 161-188
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From page 161... ...
CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE Consistent with the Joint CBD Program's organization of the science and technology associated with contamination avoidance, the following discussion is divided into subsections on chemical and biological point detection and standoff detection. Point and standoff detection require mostly distinct science and technology, albeit with some overlaps.
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From page 162... ...
The electromagnetic interactions, which probe the energy-level structure of the chemical molecules, are particularly useful, leading to various forms of classical spectrometry, which are known to be capable of both excellent sensitivity and specificity. In addition, because of the propagation properties of EM waves, spectroscopic approaches can be successfully applied both locally, for point detection, and remotely, for standoff detection.
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TABLE C.1 Chemical Point Sensing Programs of the Department of Defense Name Description ABC-M8 ABC-1-58 ABC-M8 chemical agent detector paper detects liquid chemical agents. It is used whenever chemical agents are suspected.
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CAAS The chemical agent alarm system (CAAS; also known under the designation M8A1) , through IMS techniques, detects the presence of nerve agents (tabun (GA)
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Production is scheduled for FY 2004 and beyond. M256 The M256 series chemical agent detector kit is capable of detecting both liquid and vapor concentrations of chemical agents.
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M8A1 M8A1 is another designation for the CAAS. M9 Chemical agent detector paper M9 is the most widely used method of detecting liquid chemical agents.
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pCAD The point chemical agent detector (pCAD) represents the pioneering NRL SAW-based CW-agent point-sensor concept that is being incorporated into the JCAD sensor of the Joint CBD Program.
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These polymers selectively adsorb chemical agents or explosives over extended periods of time (minutes, hours, days)
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Recent progress, however, is suggesting that microchromatographic techniques may form the basis for the next-generation detector after JCAD. Biological Point Detection As noted in Chapter 4 of this report, at least six approaches are being used for the detection and identification of biological agents: 1.
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In the near term, a single instrument will not be able to adequately detect and identify both chemical and biological agents. Mass spectrometry has some promise in this area but will require a long-term investment.
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uses infrared pyrolyzer followed by tandem mass spectrometry.b The CBMS was originally intended for the next-generation BIDS. It is being evaluated as a joint chemical/ biological agent water monitor.
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will be capable of detecting, identifying, quantifying, and warning personnel of the presence of chemical and biological agents and toxic industrial chemicals and biological hazards. It is scheduled to begin development in FY 2008.
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2000. Joint Services Chemical and Biological Defense Program, FY00-02 Overview, Washington, D.C.
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device utilized by the Navy for the passive optical standoff detection of nerve agents. Three spectral band filters enable the operator in principle to distinguish the presence of nerve agents.
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It provides the starting point transmitter technology for the Artemis/JSWILD program. JSLSCAD The joint service lightweight standoff chemical agent detector (JSLSCAD)
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Biological Standoff Sensors The major points regarding standoff detection of biological agents are discussed in the main body of the report (see Chapter 4)
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. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION AND COLLECTIVE PROTECTION Currently fielded individual protective equipment includes the MK-V, MCU2P, M40-A1, and M4-2 masks.
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This includes the Joint Services Program mask with end-of-service-life indication and limited protection against toxic industrial chemicals; the next-generation general-purpose mask intended to reduce respiratory and thermal stress while offering enhanced protection and comfort; and the joint services chemical environment survivability disposable mask that offers up to 6 hours of protection. New-generation garments are also under development in the Joint CBD Program.
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From page 179... ...
In most situations, rapid resumption of operations will depend on effective decontamination of installations, personnel, and equipment. This is especially true for persistent chemical agents and spore-forming bacteria and some viruses.
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The goal is removal, neutralization, or elimination of chemical/biological agents and toxic industrial materials by employing a family of decontamination reagents and applicator systems. Decontamination of wide areas, facilities, key equipment, and personnel are all considerations.
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-- Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (Herrmann, Los Alamos National Laboratory) -- Gas Phase Decontamination (Currier, Los Alamos National Laboratory)
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Agent Fate Studies The test protocol established by Edgewood Chemical and Biological Command (ECBC) for establishing chemical agent interactions with substrates is summarized in Box C.2.
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, and so on for CW work, while classical growth-based microbiological assays are employed for assessing decon tamination efficacy for biological agents and surrogates. metric attack.
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Since people act as "amplifiers" for infectious biological agents, the concentrations of biological agents that raise concern can be much lower than the levels of chemical agents that cause concern. Consequently, the accuracy requirements for biological modeling may be much higher than those necessary for chemical modeling.
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From page 185... ...
Even if we were to develop robust biodetectors for the dangerous biological agents likely to be used as weapons today, such sensors may prove of little value against genetically altered agents in the future. To illustrate the many factors to be included in a model to aid in decision making in the event of an attack, the committee provides an example of the elements that might be a part of a discrete simulation of the event.
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From page 186... ...
I&W might allow an attack to be stopped in progress, resulting in no delay to the deployment. Otherwise there is a major branch point designated as "Detect attack under way." One possibility is that this detection occurs at time t1, based on the sensor capabilities, allowing personnel to get into individual and collective protection by some time t2, which is a function of when they get the warning, their proficiency from training, and the ease of obtaining and using protective equipment.
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, t6] , t5, or 0 FIGURE C.1 Stochastic simulation for naval deployment delays caused by a biological attack.
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For example, if decision makers can weight the relative importance of reduced casualties versus reduced deployment delays, a slightly modified simulation could be used which has this weighted combination of factors as the end goal.
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