Preparing Chemists and Chemical Engineers for a Globally Oriented Workforce A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Context and Overview1 How Do National Labor Forces Become Global, and Who Should Care?
Context and Overview1 How Do National Labor Forces Become Global, and Who Should Care?
Pages 5-16
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Context and Overview
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temporary workers in specialty occupations) in the United States has been reduced by two-thirds, in part because of the HOW LABOR FORCES BECOME MORE GLOBAL presumption that too many skilled immigrants are entering the country and pushing particular occupational wages in the In general, a number of key factors influence globaliza country down.
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In Los Angeles County in 1980, there was essencome from, reducing the number of immigrants potentially tially no production of textiles and apparel; by the end of reduces the creative dynamism that generates new products the decade, the county had developed a thriving apparel and and companies. The situation is more complicated than just textile industry, whose production was second in magnitude simply allowing in more immigrant workers that put pres- only to that of the New York City area.
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It is not that people do not aclike fair trade argue that international trade destroys jobs. knowledge the aggregate gains, but they worry about the Those who like international trade argue that international distributional impacts and how individual workers will bentrade creates jobs.
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large share of many macroeconomic aggregates. In the What is going on in other labor markets now has an impact United States, multinationals account for about 25 percent on labor markets in countries such as the United States beof all employment, about one-third of the national GDP, cause of the flows of people, ideas, and technology across about 40 percent of the capital investment, 60 percent of the borders.
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creasing. Labor economists look at four main groups of skill sets: high-school dropouts, high-school graduates, those with FIGURE 1.4 Average manufacturing wages in various countries in 1994.
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Real earnings of more-skilled workers have been rising, but earnings of the middle- or less-skilled workers Data from the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that the total were flat or falling throughout the 1970s and the 1980s and U.S.
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A major change that drove labor force computer code and other technical results may make people growth in previous decades was the rise in female participa- in the United States more valuable and more productive to tion, driven by equal rights movements and changes in fam- the firm.. The actual impacts and net effects are much more ily structures.
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Unless there is a dramatic policy shift away from global integration; however, flows of goods and services and capi- Foreign Labor Force tal will continue to be more of an influence than the flow of people. The choice to become global has been expanding for Donald Burland, of the National Science Foundation, firms, including chemical firms, which are increasingly able noted the high percentage of non-U.S.
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Slaughter responded that not only do multinational firms do the majority of the world's R&D, but the majority traditionally has occurred in a very small number of countries. Scientists in the United States, France, the United 2In 1990, Microsoft Corporation became the first personal computer soft- Kingdom, Japan, and Germany combined do about 85 perware company to exceed $1 billion in sales in a year, with revenues of $1.8 cent of the world's R&D.
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The second observation was that educational global encompetitive edge in science and technology development gagement and global competition spur innovation. IT is the may be eroding due to rapidly increasing capability in other one industry in the 1990s that had world liberalization of countries.
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