California Agricultural Research Priorities Pierce's Disease (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-20
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From page 1... ...
In 2001, CDFA and the University of California's Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources approached the National Research Council of the National Academies, requesting that the Council help monitor current and emerging issues in the state's agricultural research agenda, particularly for PD. In response, the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources convened an ad hoc committee, the Committee on California Agricultural Research Priorities: Pierce's Disease, to address scientific and 1
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Support is provided by the PD/GWSS Board, CDFA, the University of California Pierce's Disease Research Grants Program, USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and its Agricultural Research Service, the American Vineyard Foundation, the California Competitive Grant Program for Research in Viticulture and Enology, the California Citrus Nursery Advisory Board, the Almond Board of California, and the California Department of Transportation. The research program that has emerged from the exchange of information, data, and experiences among growers, county and state officials, and academic researchers reflects the various interests of the stakeholders in the
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From page 3... ...
Although in some instances a clearer understanding of the remaining challenges is emerging, in general, management efforts are hindered by a lack of understanding of the biology of the organisms and their mechanisms of interaction, and by a lack of information about the costs and benefits of different approaches. Setting priorities is difficult, and, as part of the discussion about different research avenues, the committee had to consider experience with other diseases in other contexts to judge the likelihood that one or more approach for addressing PD would prove useful.
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That could hinder the program's ability to move forward, because decisions about priorities and direction need to be made using solid, reproducible results. Consequently, the committee makes the following recommendation: To ensure scientific rigor in and enhance coordination of the PDGWSS research program, participating research sponsors should consolidate processes for proposal solicitation and review.
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Different measures are likely to provide incremental benefits; the goal should be to develop a complementary suite of approaches. Fourth, consideration should be given to the potential of any method to damage the environment and ecosystem; therefore, research that leads to ecologically based pest management (EBPM)
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With information from the first criterion for any given research strategy, the committee classified each research strategy into one of four categories: · Category 1: The research option holds reasonable promise of generating successful tools for management of PDGWSS, either in the short term or in the long term. · Category 2: The research approach looks promising, but either because of insufficient data or because of inconclusive results, it is difficult to predict whether it will lead to successful applications for management.
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From page 7... ...
For example, maintaining unique lineages of grapes results in the production of distinctive varieties of wine, such as chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon, which add value to grape production. But it also severely limits opportunities for crop improvement strategies that focus on breeding for disease or insect resistance by the conventional methods used for many other crop species.
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Knowledge of the host plant responses to GWSS feeding or to colonization by Xf could help guide breeding programs or vegetation management practices. Both Xf and GWSS target the plant xylem, so information about the composition of the xylem before, during, and after feeding or pathogen introduction is needed.
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Host Plant Resistance to Pathogen and Pest Host plant resistance is a core element of diseasepest management strategies for many crop species, including grape, and it should be emphasized as a component of ecologically based management of PDGWSS. Plants that are resistant either to GWSS or to Xf can be developed through selection and breeding for resistance or by transgenic technologies.
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Biological Control Biological control, or the use of living natural enemies to manage GWSS or Xf, is an appealing strategy because it is considered to be more environmentally benign than some other approaches. However, biological control must be rigorously evaluated to determine effectiveness in managing a pest or pathogen.
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However, the committee could not make clear recommendations for vegetation management to growers because information on leafhopper performance on, and preference for, a range of potential cover crops and alternative hosts is adequate, as is information on the potential of these
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This Category 2 research would involve determining the potential of ground cover crops to develop epidemiologically significant populations of Xf; determining leafhopper performance on (survivorship, fecundity, development time) and preference for a broad range of potential ground cover crops; and investigating the use of carefully selected cover crops in vineyards to reduce insect colonization of grape plants.
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The first two are Category 1 projects: · Assess the economic feasibility of specific biological and chemical control methods and strategies. In addition the cost of crop losses, grape production costs can be incurred through biological or chemical controls.
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Areas that could benefit from research include economic feasibility; the biology of interactions among GWSS, Xf, and host plants; and various management strategies, including those that involve host plant resistance and biological and chemical controls. This and other reports, including those published by USDA's Agricultural Research Service and the American Vineyard Foundation, provide stakeholders with guidance to take on the remaining challenges in managing the PDGWSS problem.
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. 3.7 Detailed, quantitative studies should examine leafhopper preference for potential host plants in the context of natural assemblages of hosts in the field.
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. 3.10 After the epidemiologically important noncrop host plants of the vectors are identified, the ecological and socioeconomic barriers to removal of those plants from areas that influence disease prevalence in grapes should be explored (Category 2)
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Immediate emphasis should be placed on identification and characterization of the genetic basis for resistance to Xf in host plants. Characterization of the genetic loci and biochemical mechanisms responsible for resistance will facilitate classical approaches (which use molecular markers)
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Chapter 4: Biological control of bacterial pathogens of plants' vascular systems, particularly in perennial crops, has generally shown limited success. Naturally occurring endophytes or attenuated strains of Xf have not been effective in control of PD.
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Category 3 The research can produce data and results that show promise for successful management of PDGWSS, but because of complexity and the technology required, the work will be prohibitively expensive for any one funding source to manage. Category 4 The approach does not show promise even in the long term for PD GWSS management.
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