Gulf War and Health Volume 3: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 405-412
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From page 405... ...
405 C TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES This appendix briefly describes the types of studies considered in the body of this report. Some studies enabled the committee to form judgments about the strength of an association between a putative agent and a health outcome and were used as primary studies (for example, cohort and case-control studies)
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406 GULF WAR AND HEALTH to find an animal model for attributes that we consider peculiar to humans, such as cognition, behavior, and the perception of pain. Many symptoms reported by veterans, such as headache and muscle or joint pain, are difficult to study in standard neurotoxicologic tests in animals (OTA 1990)
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TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 407 Cohort Studies The cohort, or longitudinal, study is an epidemiologic study that follows a defined group, or cohort, over time. It can test hypotheses about whether exposure to a specific agent is related to the development of disease and can examine multiple disease outcomes that may be associated with exposure to a given agent.
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408 GULF WAR AND HEALTH between exposure to the agent and the cause of death. In other words, the healthy-worker effect introduces a bias that diminishes the true disease-exposure relationship.
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TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 409 exposure to the agent among the cases are then compared with the odds of exposure among controls. The comparison generates an odds ratio,5 a statistic that depicts the odds of having a disease among those exposed to the agent of concern relative to the odds among a nonexposed comparison group.
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410 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Department of Defense constitute a type of voluntary case series. Any veteran may come forward to receive a clinical examination and a referral for treatment.
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TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 411 Several approaches were taken to combine reported symptoms with outcome variables. One was to use a statistical method called factor analysis to uncover an underlying structure in reported symptoms (Cherry et al.
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412 GULF WAR AND HEALTH Kramer M, Lane D
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