Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Global Impacts Atmospheric Long-Range Transport of Urban Pollutants--LEONARD LEVIN
Global Impacts Atmospheric Long-Range Transport of Urban Pollutants--LEONARD LEVIN
Pages 107-124
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 107... ...
Global Impacts
|
From page 109... ...
of primary interest, as well as the co-pollutants transported with them, may undergo chemical and photochemical transformation. Methods of relating pollutant levels measured at distant receptor points to their area of origin and transport route vary widely.
|
From page 110... ...
and secondary (smaller, < 0.75µm) aerosols in the lowest layer, a signature of urban emissions from combustion and vehicular use; the middle layer shows chiefly larger primary particles, potentially representing elevated emissions from combustion sources.
|
From page 111... ...
111 air of no in a three from at at of at via elemental matching with stations. number upon (diagnosed a origin.
|
From page 112... ...
Annual mean enhancements from sensitivity simulations with 10 percent increases in emissions from source region. Results were multiplied by 10 to estimate total effect of current anthropogenic emissions from the source continent.
|
From page 113... ...
MERCURY AS A TRACER SUBSTANCE The development of sensitive, rapid-response instrumentation in the last five years has enabled us to consider using measurements of mercury as tracers for source regions and, in some cases, for source points. The widespread use of the TekranTM device allows ground and aircraft measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM)
|
From page 114... ...
In this experiment, an NCAR C-130 aircraft equipped for extended high-altitude flight and using a Tekran 1130 analyzer sampled concentrations of TGM while flying transects off the east coasts of Japan and south China. During these flights, cotracer substances characteristic of presumed source categories were also measured.
|
From page 115... ...
6 Disposal mercury 10 evices,d = 0.1 12.4 32.6 66.1 and Waste 111.2 wiring tons production, metric lighting, gold (in 5.2 5.5 0.8 Cement Production 26.2 81.8 12.9 electrical 132.4 plants, 1995 of for and chlor-alkali production Sources Production Iron from 0.5 4.6 1.4 0.3 Pig Steel 10.2 12.1 29.1 instruments, estimated was control Anthropogenic Production and 7.9 4.4 from 15.4 87.4 25.1 25.4 mercury Non-ferrous Metal 165.6 of measuring tons of Mercury of metric 514 26.9 99.9 production 185.5 197.0 860.4 104.8 2002. Stationary Combustion 1,474.5 about al., of Emissions et production, Pacyna Global emission battery 3 a Source: America America addition, primary In a 1995.
|
From page 116... ...
Figure 5 is a depiction of the three-dimensional structure of the research flights east of the south China coast, which were able to track the Shanghai urban plume for some 600 km over the Pacific. As significant as these findings were, the receipt of the plume material on the west coast of North America remained to be investigated.
|
From page 117... ...
Additional data for this higher-elevation plume might have allowed tracking of the plume origins further west on the Eurasian land mass, perhaps to source regions in eastern Europe (there are no known high emission rate mercury sources in central Asia)
|
From page 118... ...
3 (ng/m TGM 1 1 10 100 1,000 SO2 (µg/m3) FIGURE 3 Correlation between SO2 in µg/m3 and TGM in ng/m3 for the Miyake Jima volcano, demonstrating the close correlation between the two for this set of two research flights and the potential for tracking mercury from this category of background source in isolated locations.
|
From page 119... ...
Measurements by aircraft in 2001 and 2002 were able to track mercury from emission regions in industrialized southeast China, near Shanghai, and later detect the same mix of mercury and co-pollutants penetrating the west coast of the United States. Based on co-emitted characteristic co-pollutants, these measurements were able to discriminate between urban anthropogenic sources of mercury and background natural sources.
|
From page 120... ...
3 (m) (ng/m TGM Altitude Mecury 020505 ng/m3 CO_ppbv_20505 Date and time FIGURE 6 Evidence of dual mercury plumes from Asian landmass penetrating west coast of United States, May 56, 2002 (hours zulu)
|
From page 121... ...
. Note lofting of plume centerline at approximately day four due to intrusion of colder marine air mass in central North Pacific.
|
From page 122... ...
. Data limitations on wind structure in west-central Asia are presumed to limit further distinction of plume traverse from potential source regions further west in Eurasia.
|
From page 123... ...
Prepared for the Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy Workshop Long-Range Transport Initiative, Ann Arbor, Michigan, September 1617, 2003. Pacyna, J.M., E.G.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.