Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Rational Options for Clean Energy in Chinese Cities--WEITANG FAN and ZHUFENG YU
Rational Options for Clean Energy in Chinese Cities--WEITANG FAN and ZHUFENG YU
Pages 55-72
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From page 55... ...
China ranks third in coal reserves, eleventh in oil reserves, and nineteenth in natural gas reserves. Thus, coal is much more abundant than other fossil fuels in China; proven recoverable reserves of coal amount to 114.5 billion tons, more than 10 times the total reserves of currently proven oil and natural gas reserves, based on equivalent calorific values.
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. MIX OF END-USE-ENERGY SOURCES Oil constitutes about 50 percent of the mix of end-use-energy sources consumed in the world.
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Renewable and others 4.3% Electricity Oil 18.3% 49.5% Coal 9.2% Natural gas 18.7% FIGURE 4 Consumption mix of end energy in the world in 2001. Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2003.
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emissions. All new power plants that use coal with sulfur content of greater than 1 percent are now required to install desulfurization units; the rest are required to
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. In 2001, 33.4 percent of the 341 cities monitored met or exceeded the national secondary standard for air quality (daily mean ambient concentrations of SO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx)
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Emissions from industrial boilers are higher than from power station boilers in almost half of Chinese cities. Thus, industrial boilers are the primary sources of pollution in many cities (Yu et al., 2004b)
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was approximately 1:3:8:16. The major factors that influence the selection of energy sources and clean energy technologies are energy availability, environment, and economics.
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Available energy sources Oil products, Oil products, Oil products, natural natural gas, coal, natural gas, gas, coal, and some and coal. hydropower, and renewable energy.
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. Advanced Power-Generation Technology Because the proportion of coal used for power generation in China is expected to increase significantly, the development of advanced power-generation technology is very important because it will reduce the amount of coal consumed, improve generation efficiency, improve the environment, and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)
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If all industrial boilers in China used low-sulfur coal, about 51 Mt of coal would be saved each year. Chinese cities must choose technologies and fuels for industrial boilers in accordance with environmental requirements, energy resources, and economic capacities (Yu et al., 2004a)
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With rapid economic development and increasingly stringent environmental requirements, cities in China are increasing the proportion of clean-energy sources for domestic and commercial use as their economic capabilities and the availability of energy sources allow. In Beijing, Shanghai, and well developed coastal zones where environmental requirements are stringent, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
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Beijing already exploits 8.8 million square meters of geothermal water per annum, equivalent to 75,000 tons of coal. This has reduced dust emissions by 750 tons, SO2 emissions by 1,300 tons, and CO2 emissions by 34,000 tons per year, thus reducing air pollution and environmental damage (Clean Energy Office, 2003)
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Air Pollution The mean level of SO2 emissions in the 18 cities was 140,000 tons, and the daily mean concentration of SO2 emissions was 0.084 mg/m3; both were within the national secondary standard. The mean TSP emission was 65,000 tons, and the daily mean concentration of TSP was 0.39 mg/m3, exceeding the limit specified in the national secondary standard.
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100 58.67 28.2 12.79 0.34 Source: Clean Energy Office, 2003. Heating Renewable energy Oil and oil energy 1.0% products Electricity 0.4% 6.7% 13.1% Natural gas 13.6% Coal and coal products 65.2% FIGURE 9 Consumption mix of end energy in Yinchuan in 2000.
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TABLE 10 Emission-Control Targets in Yinchuan for 2005 (1,000 tce) SO2 Industrial Dusts Actual value in 2000 26.3 16.7 Target value in 2005 21 17.8 Source: Clean Energy Office, 2003.
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Replace coal with natural gas for all domestic heating. This would effectively improve air quality in 2005, and emissions would not exceed the national secondary standard.
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To improve air quality and promote the rational development of clean-energy sources and clean-energy technologies, each city will have to work out a practical, realistic, step-by-step, local energy plan based on many factors, including national environmental targets, the availability of indigenous energy resources, and the economic capacity of the city. This is the only way China can achieve coordinated development of energy, the environment, and the national economy.
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2004b. Emission Reduction Measures and Assessments for Industrial Boilers in 18 Cities.
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