Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China The Challenges Ahead: Proceedings of a Symposium (2004) / Chapter Skim
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Programs to Control Air Pollution and Acid Rain--SARATH K. GUTTIKUNDA, TODD M. JOHNSON, FENG LIU, and JITENDRA J. SHAH
Programs to Control Air Pollution and Acid Rain--SARATH K. GUTTIKUNDA, TODD M. JOHNSON, FENG LIU, and JITENDRA J. SHAH
Pages 73-94
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From page 73... ...
SHAH East Asia Environment and Mining Sector World Bank Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from coal combustion are a primary contributor to acid rain and poor local air quality in China.
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From page 74... ...
The growing demand for transportation and the rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the roads have led to an increase in air pollution, including sulfur emissions. However, recent emission inventories published by the State 1China does not currently report monitoring data for fine particulate pollution.
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From page 75... ...
One objective of the present study and the associated technical assistance project is to help localities in China address several questions related to the planning and implementation of regulations to control SO2 emissions and acid rain: · What are the environmental consequences for specific localities of differ ent pollution control strategies in terms of human health effects, agricul tural productivity, and other activities? · What are the relative costs of different plans to reduce sulfur emissions?
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From page 76... ...
With the passage of the TCZ legislation, the Chinese government took an unprecedented step toward controlling sulfur emissions. By the late 1990s, ambient SO2 concentrations in many densely populated urban areas were exceedingly high and harmful, and many incidences of acid rain had been documented in China's principal agricultural areas, including Sichuan Province.
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From page 77... ...
Nevertheless, SEPA convinced the government of the importance of controlling SO2 emissions, using evidence that reportedly included future scenarios of human health impacts and damage from acid rain on manmade structures, forests and other ecosystems, bodies of water, and especially agricultural production. The government was probably also influenced by international concerns about acid rain and China's growing contribution to regional and global SO2 emissions.
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From page 78... ...
Fuel Switching Fuel switching usually involves the use of low-sulfur coal or sulfur-fixed briquettes at the lower cost end, and gaseous fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas, at the higher cost end.
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From page 79... ...
Thus, fuel switching is the only common measure for mitigating sulfur emissions. CHALLENGES Controlling sulfur pollution in China is more difficult than in North America or Europe for several reasons.
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This study, funded the by the World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) , analyzes China's national sulfur-control program by looking at local implementation plans and actions for reducing sulfur emissions in two municipalities -- Shijiazhuang and Changsha.
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From page 81... ...
More than 90 percent of planned reductions in sulfur emissions through 2005 would come from fuel substitution -- low-sulfur coal for industrial and power-sector boilers and natural gas for domestic cooking and heating and small industrial boilers (Table 1)
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Shijiazhuang is an interesting example of both the potential and the constraints of using fuel switching as the main strategy for controlling ambient SO2 pollution. The low-sulfur coal and natural gas options account for 53 and 36 percent, respectively, of planned reductions between 2001 and 2005.
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From page 83... ...
Capping sulfur emissions from space-heating boilers in houses and from power plants in and near the city proper will be essential for continuous compliance in Shijiazhuang. If growing demand for space-heating leads to an increase in coal consumption, further emission reductions at these sources will be necessary.
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From page 84... ...
Claims of crop losses by peasants have been settled for millions of yuan.3 Planned reductions in sulfur emissions are predicated on a large increase in the use of natural gas and low-sulfur coal for industrial boilers. A significant amount of the reduction would be achieved through industrial renovations and the installation of pollution-control equipment at a single smelter in Zhuzhou (Table 2)
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From page 85... ...
Increasing the use 31,600 1,635 1. Increase in natural gas of gaseous fuels supply to Changsha, Xiangtan, and Zhuzhou.
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Further reductions of sulfur emissions after the Tenth Five-Year Plan would have to be focused on area sources, mostly small and medium-sized boilers that continue to burn high-sulfur coal, coal-fired power plants, and dirty smelters in the region. Success will depend on strong policy support for enforcing current regulations and substantive government support in arranging for, or assisting in, the financing of key projects, such as increasing the natural gas supply, introducing LPS desulfurization, and ensuring a supply of cleaner coal.
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PROGRAMS TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION AND ACID RAIN 87 2000 Sulfur wet deposition 29 g S/m2/yr 28.5 5.0 4.5 28 4.0 3.5 27.5 3.0 Latitude 2.5 2.0 27 1.5 1.0 26.5 0.5 0.0 26 111 111.5 112 112.5 113 113.5 114 114.5 115 Longitude 2005 Sulfur wet deposition 29 g S/m2/yr 28.5 4.0 28 3.5 3.0 27.5 Latitude 2.5 2.0 27 1.5 26.5 1.0 0.5 26 111 111.5 112 112.5 113 113.5 114 114.5 115 Longitude FIGURE 5 Estimates of sulfur wet deposition.
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From page 88... ...
, new power plants will be the new sources of sulfur emissions. Hunan is part of the Central China Power Grid that also covers Hubei, Henan, and Jianxi provinces.
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From page 89... ...
The south does not, which will significantly increase the cost of controlling sulfur emissions. 5The Central China Power Grid is currently interconnected with the East China Power Grid, and additional interconnections with neighboring regional or independent grids are planned.
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From page 90... ...
Large sources with tall stacks contribute most to the long-range transport of sulfur emissions; small sources have even greater sulfur emissions, but they contribute mostly to local ambient concentrations in densely populated areas. Given the economies of scale -- both technically and institutionally -- regulatory regimes for large emission sources, such as power plants and key specialty industries, can greatly reduce total emissions, long-range transport, and impacts, depending on how close they are to major urban areas, as the case study in Changsha has shown.
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From page 91... ...
targets and goals for controlling sulfur pollution in China and assess the country's needs and efforts accordingly. SEPA should focus on understanding the dynamics of long-term sulfur emissions and the impacts of specific hot spots of sulfur emissions on ecosystems, agriculture, and human settlement areas.
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From page 92... ...
assess and quantify the impacts of sulfur emissions; (2) evaluate the benefits of control options, including reductions in ambient concentrations of sulfur and associated impacts; and (3)
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From page 93... ...
2002. SO2, NOx and acid deposition problems in China: impact on agriculture.
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