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From page 7... ... As highlighted during the workshop, these include the establishment of national genomic medicine platforms; high throughput microbial sequencing; the research and development of plantbased manufacturing of vaccines, antibodies, and other pharmaceuticals; and advances in transgenic crop bioengineering. This chapter provides a summary of workshop presentations and discussion on these topics. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... 3This section is based on the workshop presentations of Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Patrick Tan Boon Ooi, and Jacques Ravel. 4This subsection based on the workshop presentation of Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... . INMEGEN, which was created in July 2004 by the Mexican Congress was promoted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... that may preclude importing genome-specific pharmaceuticals. Mexico also has a unique epidemiology that includes emerging infectious diseases, malnutrition, and a wide range of chronic health problems (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and certain cancers) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... In addition to its work on genomic medicine, the newly established INMEGEN will also be focusing on several other research areas, including metabolism, cardiovascular disease, infectious diseases, and cancer. The Institute is developing several support units, including scientific and ethic committees, high throughput genotyping facilities, gene expression facilities, bioinformatics units, intellectual property units, and a business "incubator." The business incubator is designed to maximize bench-tobedside applications, for example by working on intellectual property issues, identifying new markets, developing the commercialization process, scaling up technology, etc. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... In addition to the economic potential of genomic medicine, Singapore recognizes the need to understand and address ethnic-specific differences 8This subsection based on the presentation by Patrick Tan Boon Ooi. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Singapore's current focus on biotechnology is a natural outgrowth of its already high-tech manufacturing and financial service-based economy. NOTE: Adapted from Patrick Tan Boon Ooi's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... to conduct research on new viruses and bioterrorist threats and to establish public health policies for emerging infectious diseases. REDI is already beginning to serve as a regional reference center for molecular diagnostics. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... 10This subsection is based on comments by Patrick Tan Boon Ooi and Jacques Ravel. 11This subsection is based on the presentation by J Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... The $1000 genome represents a somewhat arbitrary "industry standard" when personalized genome sequencing, and personalized medicine, will be an affordable, widespread reality. NOTE: Adapted from Patrick Tan Boon Ooi's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE BIOTECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE 17 45,000,000 100 40,000,000 35,000,000 80 reads year per 30,000,000 25,000,000 60 sequence reads 20,000,000 40 Total15,000,000 10,000,000 successful 20 % 5,000,000 0 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 FIGURE 2-3B Sequencing efficiency 1997�2004 NOTE: Adapted from Jacques Ravel's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. FIGURE 2-3C Number of base pairs read 1997�2004 NOTE: Adapted from Jacques Ravel's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 18 TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING DUAL-USE RISKS Driven by its people, bioinformatics capacity, and high production, TIGR has turned sequencing into an affordable enterprise. The Institute has not yet reached the industry-standard make-or-break $1000 price tag for a complete human genome sequence, but it does sequence more genomes on a daily basis than anywhere else in the world. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 15This section is based largely on the workshop presentations of Charles Arntzen and Miguel Gomez Lim. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... And most of those that do so currently are departing the infectious disease arena and redirecting their efforts toward higher-value therapeutic products, like anti-cancer and anti-neurological degradation vaccines. It was suggested that developing world countries are attempting to fill the resultant manufacturing gap by creating what may effectively become a 16This subsection based on presentations by Charles Arntzen and Miguel Gomez Lim. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... . The concept for a plant-based vaccine is an outgrowth of what one workshop participant cited as one of the major advancements in biotechnology over the past two decades: yeast-derived HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... 1 Eli Lilly and Company 1 European Consortium 1 European/Canadian Consortium 1 Fidelity Systems continued Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... 1 e.gene Biotechnologie GmbH NOTE: Adapted from Jacques Ravel's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. a More than 76 genome sequencing centers worldwide have been involved with sequencing at least one of the more than 180 completed microbial genomes listed in the GenBank database: 183 Completed Microbial Genomes (19 Archea and 164 Bacteria) Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... economic value of vaccines Infectious diseases cause 25 percent of all deaths, 45 percent of deaths in low-income countries, and 63 percent of deaths in children worldwide. However, very few companies focus on vaccines against infectious disease; greater returns on investment are likely from vaccines to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases.18 HBsAg is now a mandatory component of childhood immunization in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... ; and using non-food crops, like tobacco and alfalfa. With regards to the latter, because raw potatoes would not likely be well received in immunization programs in the developing world, ASU researchers have also been experimenting with other modes of delivery, including freeze-drying of tomato and leaf tissue using readily available technology from the food processing industry. Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... , product formulation, and perhaps most importantly, regulatory clarification. 20 Adapted from Charles Arntzen's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... University of Pennsylvania Press. 22This subsection based on the presentations of Charles Arntzen and Miguel Gomez Lim. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... Transgenic food crops, on the other hand, have already entered and flourished in the global marketplace. The main producers of transgenic crops are the United States (63 percent of the market) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Main areas of research on transgenic technology include: � mechanisms of disease resistance, including how plants recognize pathogens and trigger defense mechanisms; � drought and salinity tolerance, both of which are major global problems (i.e., about 40 percent of the world's arable land is affected by drought) ; � photosynthesis efficiency; � apomixis (i.e., the ability to reproduce asexually through seeds, so that hybrid performance can be inherited) Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... . Major transgenic crops include soja (i.e., Glycine soja, wild soybean; 61 percent of global market) Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... NOTE: Adapted from Luis Herrera-Estrella's PowerPoint presentation, September 21, 2004. They became problems in monoculture situations long before transgenic technology emerged, and farmers started sacrificing natural biodiversity for higher productivity varieties decades ago. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... It will be interesting to see how public opinion in Mexico -- and throughout Latin America -- is swayed by recent decisions in the European Union to grow GM maize. On September 8, 2004, the European Commission approved 17 different transgenic varieties of Monsantoengineered maize for growth throughout Europe. Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... If a company were, for example, to invest in tomatoes with anticarcinogenic properties, will this compromise the much more urgent need to increase food production? In addition to public perception, another obstacle to the global proliferation of transgenic technology is the lack of technology transfer to small farmers throughout the developing world. Read the entire page →

From page 7...

... As highlighted during the workshop, these include the establishment of national genomic medicine platforms; high throughput microbial sequencing; the research and development of plantbased manufacturing of vaccines, antibodies, and other pharmaceuticals; and advances in transgenic crop bioengineering. This chapter provides a summary of workshop presentations and discussion on these topics.