Improving Breast Imaging Quality Standards (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Pages 211-222
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From page 211... ...
-- a device that automatically controls one or more technique factors in order to obtain a desired quantity of radiation at a pre-selected lo cation; such a device automatically terminates the exposure when the selected quan tity of radiation has been delivered. Axillary lymph node -- a lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast.
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From page 212... ...
Cancer status -- as defined in this report, the presence or absence of cancer in a given individual. Centralized interpretation -- expert interpretation at one central location of either films or digitized data collected at multiple remote locations.
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From page 213... ...
Compression paddle -- a component of the mammography unit used to compress the breast in order to spread the breast tissue evenly for the x-ray; the correct amount of compression allows for the highest quality image with the lowest possible radiation dose. Compression paddles are regulated under MQSA.
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From page 214... ...
Ductal carcinoma in situ -- a lesion in which there is proliferation of abnormal cells within the ducts of the breast, but no visible evidence of invasion into the duct walls or surrounding tissues; sometimes referred to as "precancer" or "preinvasive cancer." Established operating level -- the value of a particular quality assurance parameter that has been established as an acceptable normal level by a mammography facility's quality assurance program. Exposure reproducibility coefficient of variation evaluation -- a test performed to en sure radiation exposure levels from a radiographic unit are reproducible within a cer tain range; ensures consistency in the amount of radiation emitted from a radiographic device.
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From page 215... ...
Interobserver variability -- variability between observers. Interpreting physician -- a licensed physician who meets MQSA requirements for inter preting mammograms.
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From page 216... ...
to ensure that all women have access to quality mammography for the detection of breast cancer in its earliest, most treatable stages. MQSA regulations, promulgated by FDA 1993 and updated in 1999, estab lished national quality standards for mammography equipment and personnel.
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In this report, a person trained in evaluating the performance of mammography equipment and facility quality assurance programs, and who meets MQSA requirements. Medicare -- a program that provides health insurance to people age 65 and over, those who have permanent kidney failure, and people with certain disabilities.
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From page 218... ...
Phantom image -- a radiographic image of a test object (a phantom) used to simulate ra diographic characteristics of compressed breast tissue and containing components that radiographically model aspects of breast disease and cancer.
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From page 219... ...
Radiation dose -- a generic term to describe the amount of radiation a person receives, either naturally or through medical procedures, for example x-ray imaging. Radiologic technologist -- an individual specifically trained in the use of radiographic equipment and the positioning of patients for radiographic examinations and, in this report, who meets MQSA requirements.
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From page 220... ...
taken at various angles to generate a three-dimensional image for plotting the exact position of a suspicious le sion and for guiding the placement of a biopsy needle. System artifacts -- abnormalities that result from problems with any part the of mam mography system including the x-ray unit and the processing of mammographic films, potentially complicating accurate interpretation; causes include use of abrasive materials to clean processor rollers, an improperly installed or vented processor, in adequate chemical quality, and variations in developer temperature.
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From page 221... ...
Verification bias -- the potential for overestimation of sensitivity and underestimation of specificity when a gold standard assessment of disease status may only be partially available. Wire needle localization -- a procedure used to guide a surgical breast biopsy when the breast lump is difficult to locate or in areas that look suspicious on the mammogram but do not have a distinct lump (nonpalpable abnormalities)
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