Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation BEIR VII Phase 2 (2006) / Chapter Skim
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See also Excess absolute risk to oxidative stress, 50 extrapolation to humans, 73, 96-98, 109-111, defined, 132, 373 priming dose and, 51-53, 55, 78, 251 114, 115 Absorbed dose radiation resistance as, 37, 51 genetic effects of radiation, 12, 68-70, 73, atomic bomb survivors, 20, 27, 142 research needs, 53 82-83, 92, 96-97 and biological effect, 20 signal transduction pathways, 51, 53 genetic susceptibility to cancer, 68-70, 71, defined, xi, 373 in tumorigenesis, 12, 51-52, 78-79, 250-251 73, 82-83, 87-88, 89 neutron weighting factor, 296-297 variation in, 51 of growth and developmental effects, 115 photon energy fluence and, 22 Additive effects, 148, 150, 297, 373 of hormesis, 334 Achondroplasia, 92, 98, 125 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, 46 leukemia, 68-70, 71, 72, 73-74, 87 Activity Adenocarcinomas, 50, 74, 76 life-shortening effects of radiation, 246 defined, 373 Adenomas, 69, 151, 168 limitations of, 245 units of, 373 Adrenal cortical carcinoma, 86, 161 lung cancer, 28, 50, 74, 76, 87 Acute myocardial infarction, 95 Adriamycin, 130 lymphoma, 68, 73, 74, 76, 78 ada gene, 36, 37 Adult Health Study, 142, 150, 151, 153 mutation rates, 68-70, 96-98 Adaptive response Aflatoxins, 242 neutron RBE, 28-29, 68, 126 animal studies, 51, 52, 53, 55, 78-79, 251 Air and space travel, 3, 19 predictive value, 73, 75, 241 bacteria, 50 occupational exposures, 204 radiosensitivity, 34, 69, 71, 82-83 bystander effect and, 55 Alcohol consumption, 242 skin cancer, 74, 75, 76, 87 and cancer risk assessment, 250-251 All-Union Distributed Registry, 202 tumorigenesis, radiation-induced, 11, 12, 67, cell cycle alterations, 51, 53 Alpha particles 68-70, 73-79, 82-83, 89, 240, 241, 246 for cell lethality, 51, 52, 55, 78 and bone cancer, 87, 269 X-ray exposure, 68, 69, 100-101 in Chernobyl children, 51 bystander effect, 53-54, 55 Aniridia, 98 to chromosomal aberrations, 51, 53, 55 cell killing/lethality, 54 Ankylosing spondylitis cohorts cumulative effect of multiple low doses, 53 chromosome aberrations, 53 bone cancer, 164 DDREF and, 78-79 genetic susceptibility, 53, 87 breast cancer, 164-165, 176, 177 to DNA damage and repair, 39, 50, 51, 52, and genomic instability, 70, 71 cancer mortality, 164, 165 53, 251 internal contamination, 199-200 cohort description, 164 dose fractionation and, 78 LET value, 21 colon cancer, 164 dose-response relationships, 45, 50-53, 62, and leukemia, 71 dosimetry, 164, 165 89 and liver cancer, 68 esophageal cancer, 164 genotype and, 53 and lung cancer, 242 kidney cancer, 164 and hormesis, 333 mutagenesis, 53, 54, 68 leukemia, 164, 165, 183, 289 in humans, 50 RBE, 71 lung cancer, 164, 174 to iodine-131, 51 and tumorigenesis, 70 malignant lymphoma, 164 in lymphocytes, 51, 53 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 98 modeling cancer risk in, 287 malignant transformation as, 51-52, 62, 78- American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, multiple myeloma, 164 79 205 pancreatic cancer, 164 in mammalian cells in vitro, 51, 52, 62 Animal studies. See also specific animals prostate cancer, 164, 288 mechanisms, 11, 29, 39, 51-53 adaptive response, 78-79, 251 radiotherapy-related cancer risks, 164-165, to medical uses of radiation, 51 bone cancer, 74 174, 176, 177, 185, 287, 288, 289 in mice, 51, 52, 53, 55, 78 breast/mammary cancer, 74, 82, 83, 88 stomach cancer, 164, 185, 287, 288, 289 microarray expression studies, 39, 53 DDREF from, 77-79, 254-258 urinary tract cancer, 164, 288 385
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See Natural background Apurinic nucleases, 35, 42 leukemia, 68, 72, 142, 143, 144, 153, 172, radiation Arthroses, 165 240, 244, 245, 269, 307-308 Bacteria Asbestos, 200 life shortening, 153-154 adaptive response, 50 Ashkenazi Jews, 85 Life Span Study, 9, 12-13, 26, 141-154, 239 DNA repair, 36, 37 Ataxia telangiectasia, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 240, 242, 245, 246-250, 267-268, 296 tumor promotion, 241-242 86, 93 308 Basal cell carcinoma, 66, 68, 69, 80, 84, 150ATF3, 56 limitations of studies, 141, 240 151, 167. See also Skin cancer Atherosclerosis, 185, 186 liver cancer, 147, 150, 148, 149, 242, 269, BAX, 56 ATM gene, 67, 80, 84, 86 303-306 Bcl2, 49 ATM kinase, 35, 36, 37, 39, 50, 56 lung cancer, 68, 147, 148, 150, 215, 242, BEAR report Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 91, 141 269, 276, 303-306 doubling dose method for humans, 96, 123 Atomic bomb survivors lymphoma, 151, 153 Becquerel, Henri, 2 Adult Health Study, 142, 150, 151, 153 medical exposure data combined with, 146 BEIR I report age and cancer risks, 72, 143, 144, 145, 147, 147 doubling dose method for humans, 96, 97, 148, 149, 240, 297-298 mental retardation, 1 118, 122, 123 autopsy data, 151, 152, 153 mortality data, 130, 131, 141, 142, 143, 144, genetic effects estimation, 94 benign neoplasms, 150, 151-152 145, 147, 151, 152-153, 298-307 principles of risk estimation, 138 bladder cancer, 147, 148, 269, 303-306 multiple myeloma, 151 BEIR III report bone cancer, 269 mutation rates, 6, 114, 129, 130-131 cancer risk models, 138 breast cancer, 12, 26, 85, 135, 147, 148-149, nervous system cancers, 148, 149, 151, 152 doubling dose method for humans, 118, 122 170, 177, 180, 243, 269, 303-306 neutron RBE, 20, 27, 142, 143, 146 124 cancer risk assessment, 7-8, 138, 143-154, nonneoplastic disease, 13, 143, 152-153 genetic risk estimates, 94, 94-95 239-240, 241-245, 262, 275-276, 285- nuclear industry workers compared, 201, 203 BEIR V report, 92, 373 286, 296-308 oropharyngeal cancers, 148, 149 advances in risk estimates since, 115-116, cardiovascular disease and stroke, 1, 8, 152, ovarian cancer, 147, 148, 149, 269, 303-306 187 153, 185 pancreatic cancer, 147, 148, 149 baseline frequencies of genetic diseases, 94 cataracts, 153 prostate cancer, 147, 148, 149, 303-306 95, 96, 115, 117-118 children of, 6, 8-9, 114, 118, 129, 130-131, rectal cancer, 147, 148, 149 cancer risk assessment, 138, 174, 187, 246, 149, 151 respiratory system cancers, 149 265, 275, 282, 283, 291-292, 299 chromosome nondisjunctions, 131 salivary gland cancer, 149-150, 269 dose-rate reduction factor, 100 n.1, 246 cohort description, 13, 141, 142-143 sex differences, 144, 145, 150, 151, 153 doubling dose calculation, 94-96, 100 n.1, colon cancer, 147, 148, 149, 151, 269, 303- site-specific cancers, 147-151, 303-307 115, 118, 123, 124, 252 306 skin cancers, 148, 149, 150-151, 269, 295 environmental exposure studies, 208, 209 compatibility of data with other cohorts, 267- smoking effects, 150, 276 214 268 solid cancers, 13, 45, 130, 142, 143, 144-147, extrapolation of animal data to humans, 115 Committee's analysis of data, 267-268, 296- 149, 245, 297-305 genetic disease risk estimates, 12, 94-95, 96, 308 statistical analyses, 143-144 115-116, 117-118, 252 confounding and bias in studies, 141, 146, stomach cancer, 147, 148, 149, 150, 173-174, leukemia model, 246, 282, 283 152-153, 268, 297 215, 240, 242, 269, 303-306 multifactorial disease estimates, 95, 96, 115, cytogenetic studies, 68 suicides, 153 117 data used in this study, 13, 142, 144 thyroid cancer, 148, 149, 181, 269, 295 mutation component, 94, 106, 115 DDREF, 246-250, 254-258 transport of risks to other populations, 14, occupational exposure studies, 190 deaths from cancer, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 240, 241-245, 267-268, 275-276 Benign diseases.
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See also Confounding factors; age-specific rates, 149 protracted exposure and, 176, 180, 243 Uncertainties animal studies, 74, 82, 83, 88; see also in radiologic technologists, 205 assessment of, 139 Mammary cancer; specific animals radiotherapy-related risks, 26, 84, 86, 157, DDREF estimate, 250 in ankylosing spondylitis cohort, 164-165, 159-160, 164-165, 167, 168, 169, 174, defined, 373 176, 177 175, 176, 177, 186-187, 205, 243, 287 in epidemiological studies, 132, 133, 135- in atomic bomb survivors, 12, 26, 85, 135, 147, risk assessment, 25-26, 85-86, 148-149, 176 136, 139, 140, 152, 173, 187, 208 148-149, 170, 177, 180, 243, 269, 287 180, 241, 243, 244, 272, 273, 275, 286, information, 135-136, 139, 208, 276 baseline lifetime risk estimates, 278 287, 293, 303-306 misclassification of disease, 139, 152-153, BEIR V model, 291-292 risk estimates, 173, 176-180, 278, 279, 280, 285 in benign breast disease cohorts, 26, 163, 282, 294 misclassification of exposure, 139, 207, 266, 177, 180, 243, 287 spontaneous rates, 26, 86 285 BRCA-type heritable, 67, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, uncertainties in risk models, 25-26, 285 random errors, 296 85-86, 243 British Nuclear Fuels, 232, 233 reduction strategies, 140 cardiovascular disease mortality, 186-187 Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) , 48, 60-61 selection, 135, 139, 152, 203, 208 in cervical cancer survivors, 26, 157-158, bub1, 39 systematic errors, 266, 296 176, 177 Building materials, 3 underascertainment or misclassification of chemotherapy and, 159 Bystander effects, 9, 11, 29, 37, 39, 45, 53-55, cancer incidence, 285 Chernobyl accident and, 227 62, 70, 251 Biological damage.
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model, 244, 269-278, chemical, 244 comparability of study designs and, 241 296-312 defined, 373 comparison of BEIR VII estimates with other probability of causation in, 265, 294 and genetic polymorphism, 87 sources, 282-284, 291-296 RBE and, 28-29, 146, 276, 286 Cardiovascular disease, 8 confidence intervals, 14, 278, 279, 284, 286, REID measure, 277 in atomic bomb survivors, 1, 8, 152, 153, 185 296, 299, 309 relative risk model, 25, 26, 148, 149, 159, in breast cancer survivors, 186-187 data used for BEIR VIII model, 267-268, 164, 175, 240, 242, 243, 244, 253, 279- dose-response relationships, 152, 153 277, 283-284, 296-308 281, 283, 307 genetic factors, 95, 96 DDREF adjustment, 246-250, 254-258, 274, RERF model, 269, 270, 271, 285, 286, 296, medical-exposure-related risks, 12, 159, 160, 275-276, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286 298, 297, 301, 302, 307 163, 185-187 dose-response functions, 245-246, 262, 269, results of calculations, 278-284 occupational exposures and, 199 274, 280, 298 Rochester thymus cohort, 26, 180, 181, 273, Case control studies, 84, 133, 134-135, 136, 148, dosimetry and, 241, 266, 268, 269, 285, 286, 292 172, 173, 190, 207, 208. See also 296 sex-specific, 267, 271, 274, 275, 278-281, Epidemiological studies; individual DREF, 146 282-283, 284, 298, 301, 311, 312 cohorts
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See also Apoptosis brain cancer, 218 in utero radiation exposure, 1, 6, 10, 112, adaptive response, 51, 52, 55, 78 breast cancer, 227 151, 172-173, 211, 226 by alpha particles, 54 case control studies, 224, 225, 226 infants, 167-168, 175, 211, 218, 226, 287 bystander effects, 9, 29, 54-55 childhood cancers, 51, 68, 72, 114, 128, 215- iodine-131 exposure, 68, 169, 173, 215 cell cycle phase and, 49, 50 226, 227, 235, 246 leukemia, 84, 161, 168, 172, 209, 210, 211, chemical modification of radiation effects, 31 chromosome aberrations, 57 212, 214, 216-222, 226-227, 233, 244 delayed, 55 cleanup (liquidation) workers, 57, 58, 60, lung cancer, 168, 175 DNA damage response disorders and, 82 114, 129, 202-204, 226, 227 lymphoma, 209, 210 dose-response relationships, 55-57, 75, 78 congenital abnormalities, 218 melanoma, 161 gene mutation and, 47 DNA damage repair indicators, 222, 228 mental retardation, 1 hypersensitivity to radiation and, 55-57 dose-response relationships, 224, 225, 226-227 mutation frequencies, 114, 128, 130-131 by low-LET radiation, 55-57 dosimetry, 114, 128, 129, 202, 203, 216-223, pancreatic cancer, 168 and lymphoma, 74, 78 224 parental preconception exposures, 8-9, 114, by neutrons, 28 Down's syndrome, 216 130-131, 175, 214, 228-233 oocyte sensitivity, 75, 98-99, 119 ecologic studies, 215, 216-223, 226 radiotherapy-related risks, 9, 84, 161-162, in radiotherapy patients, 155 environmental exposures, 215-228, 234-235, 166-170 signal, 56 236 retinoblastoma, 161 target for, 27, 29, 74 follow-up, 202-203 risk assessment, 6, 8-9 and tumorigenesis, 12, 74, 75, 76, 82 gastrointestinal cancers, 218 salivary gland tumors, 167 Cell senescence, 72 goiter, 218 scoliosis, 172, 176, 177, 187 Cellular response.
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See also Medical uses of inversions, 48 control of, 138 radiation late effects, 24 country differences in baseline cancer rates, adults, 170-172 LET dependence, 45 268 angiography, 156 in mammalian cells, 45 defined, 133 and breast cancer, 170, 172, 176, 177 in mammary epithelial cells, 61, 71 in ecologic studies, 207 cancer mortality risk, 4-5, 68, 170, 176 mechanisms of induction, 45-46, 74 healthy worker/survivor effect, 136, 152, children, 155, 156, 172-173, 211 microsatellite sequence instability, 68, 72 189, 194, 205 CT scans, 4-5, 155, 172 monocentric exchanges, 45; see also lifestyle-related, 57, 138, 198, 199, 240 cumulative doses, 156 Translocations occupational exposures, 136, 189, 194, 198, dosimetry, 155, 156, 170, 176 neutron RBE and, 28 199-200, 205 fluoroscopy for pulmonary tuberculosis nondisjunctions, 131 socioeconomic status, 198 follow-up, 155, 170-171, 174, 175, 176, in plant cells, 45 species variation in susceptibility, 73 177, 187 proximity effects, 45 stress, 71 in utero exposures, 172-173 rate of formation, 46 Congenital disorders interventional procedures, 156 RBE and, 24, 27-28, 276 Chernobyl accident and, 218 iodine-131 exposures, 171, 173, 234 saturation effects at high doses, 45 doubling dose, 131 and leukemia, 170, 171, 172 spontaneous, 53 environmental radiation exposures and, 211, limitations of studies, 187 telomere-associated instability, 71-73 229, 230, 232, 233, 235 and liver tumors, 68 trisomy, 93 frequencies, 112 and lung cancer, 170, 174, 176 and tumorigenesis, 24, 46, 48, 66, 68-69, 70, in mice, 115, 116, 131 and lymphoma, 171 72-73, 74, 82, 86 multifactorial nature of, 93, 95, 96, 112, 117 mammography, 4, 20, 21, 22, 24 Chromosomes mutation component, 105-106, 111, 116 photon energies, 20 basic concepts, 327 PRCF, 111 radioisotope studies, 156 human, 5, 11, 21, 58, 59, 61, 93 risk estimates, 115, 116, 117, 120 scoliosis, 155, 172, 176, 177, 187 Cigarette smoking. See Smokers/smoking Connexin, 43, 54
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, 26-27, 31-32, 34, 46, 48 oxidative processes and, 31-32, 40-42, 48 Dose fractionation. See also Diagnostic low vs high dose and, 9-10, 31, 45, 46 radiation resistance and, 49 radiography measurement, 31 and radiosensitivity, 32, 34, 37, 40, 56, 69, adaptive response, 78 mechanisms, 29-30, 26-27, 29-32, 62 71, 80, 82, 83, 87, 239 and breast cancer risk, 26, 170, 176-177 mutagenic, 35, 40, 65, 112 of refractory, complex breaks, 35, 36 and chromosome aberrations, 57 natural background radiation and, 30-31 signal transduction pathways, 32, 34, 36-39, defined, 374 oxidative, 19, 30-32, 34, 40-42, 50 48, 49, 54, 80 and dose-response relationship, 44, 55, 73, prevention, 29-30, 34 of single-strand breaks, 32, 34, 56, 80 74, 75-76 probability from energetic electrons, 26-27 slow reaction, 35, 36 and hypersensitivity to radiation, 55 protracted, low-dose exposure and, 31 in somatic cells, 36 kinetics, 75-76 proximity-promoted interaction of lesions, 45 spontaneous vs.
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See also noncancer mortality, 152, 153 children of atomic bomb survivors, 130-131 Radiosensitivity occupational exposures, 189 chromosomal diseases, 96 adaptive response and, 45, 50-53, 62, 89 ovarian cancer, 12, 50 chronic multifactorial diseases, 12, 115, 119 animal models, 73-75, 89, 245, 246, 249, quadratic, 74 defined, 8, 93, 111 255, 256 radiotherapy-related cancers, 157-170 dose rate and, 130-131 assessment of, 139, 140 sex differences, 73, 74 end points, 122, 123, 124, 130-131 atomic bomb survivors, 6, 24, 45, 68, 72, signal transduction pathways and, 62 equation, 8, 101-102, 115 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145-146, 147, single-tracks with repair factor, 44-45 estimation, 8, 93-94, 97-101, 113, 115 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 245, 256 skin cancer, 74, 76, 151, 245 ESTR mutations, 126 Bayesian statistical analysis of, 246-250, solid tumors, 74-75, 142, 144, 145-146, 201, extrapolation from mice to humans, 96-97, 254-258 245, 298 109-111, 252 benign neoplasms, 151 temporal relationships, 45, 50, 60, 61-62, 68, first-generation mortality and, 130 biophysical modeling, 45, 139, 246 70, 73-77, 245-246 gametic, 130 bone cancer, 74, 75, 201 threshold model, 12, 74-75 Mendelian diseases, 12, 94-95, 115 breast cancer, 74, 76, 86, 149, 157-158, 159, thyroid cancer, 149, 160, 162, 167, 168, 169, minimum, 130 160, 163, 168, 170, 172, 176, 178-180 182, 215, 224, 225, 276 mouse vs human mutation rates, 12, 96-101, bystander effect and, 45, 53, 54-55 thyroid diseases, 153 113, 119, 122-124 cancer mortality, 145 translocations, 57, 58, 60, 61 multifactorial diseases, 95-96 for cancer-risk assessment model, 245-246, in tumorigenesis, 12, 45, 50, 55, 59, 60, 61- mutation component, 8, 101-105, 113, 117 262, 269, 274 62, 68, 73-77, 84, 89, 140, 245-246 in nuclear test site populations, 128 cell cycle phase and, 45, 50 in tumor-suppressor gene disorders, 84 radiation-induced mutation rates, 99, 101, cell killing/lethality, 55-57, 75, 78 uncertainties in, 246 119 Chernobyl accident and, 224, 225, 226-227 X-rays, 49, 56, 61, 62 reciprocal, 93 in children, 10, 161, 162, 168, 169 Dosimeters, personal, 189, 193-194, 201 spontaneous mutation rates, 8, 96-101, 119, chromosome aberrations, 24, 25, 45-46, 57- Dosimetry of ionizing radiation. See also 122, 123 59, 60-61, 73, 74, 256, 257 Microdosimetry uncertainties, 98-99, 130, 131 chronic exposure, 43 ankylosing spondylitis cohort, 164, 165 UNSCEAR estimates, 96, 122, 123, 124 control population, 43 atomic bomb survivors, 6, 9, 10, 20, 24, 27, zygotic, 96, 102, 113 DDREF and, 44-45, 60, 246-250, 254-258 72, 129, 134, 139, 141, 142-143, 144 Down's syndrome, 93, 216, 244 DNA damage and response, 31, 73, 246-247 and breast cancer, 159, 178-180 Dpc4 gene, 69 dose fractionation and, 44, 55, 73, 74, 75-76 and cancer risk assessment, 241, 266, 268, 269 Drosophila melanogaster, 53, 91 dose rate and, 73, 74 cervical cancer treatment cohort, 26, 157 Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, 93 environmental radiation exposures, 224-225, Chernobyl accident, 114, 128, 129, 202, 203, Duodenal ulcer, 153 233, 234, 235 216-223, 224 in epidemiological studies, 132, 137, 139, defined, 374 140, 189, 208, 245, 246 diagnostic radiation, 155, 156, 170, 176 E extrapolating from high dose to low dose, 44- DS02 system, 27, 142, 269, 285, 296 Edison, Thomas, 2 45 DS86 system, 27, 142, 285 Effective dose general aspects, 43-45, 73 fallout from nuclear weapons testing, 212, background radiation worldwide, 43 genomic instability and, 45, 46, 48, 49, 60-61 213, 214 defined, 374 hypersensitivity to radiation and, 55-57 fluoroscopy studies, 170, 176 by source of radiation, 22-24 for internally deposited radionuclides, 43, 276 natural background radiation, 228 Electricité de France, 191, 192, 197 iodine-131 exposure, 235, 276 neutron component, 27, 143-144 Electromagnetic radiations.
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See also limitations and weaknesses of studies, 207- Escherichia coli, 36 Dosimetry of ionizing radiation; 208, 233, 235 Esophageal cancer, 147, 148, 149, 164, 170, 215, Environmental radiation exposures; Low and lymphoma, 209, 217, 228-229, 230, 231 269, 282, 294 doses; Occupational radiation exposure; natural background, 3, 4, 8, 31, 43, 209, 228, Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) , 69 Protracted exposure 236-237 Etoposide, 130 annual worldwide, from natural sources, 2, 3, nuclear facility proximity and, 208-212, 229, age at exposure and, 149 4 230, 233, 234, 235-236 European Childhood Leukemia-Lymphoma atomic bomb survivors, 6, 9, 129, 139, 141 parental preconception, 211, 212, 215, 228- Incidence Study, 226 chronic, 11, 43, 56, 68, 129, 280 233, 235, 237 Excess absolute risk (EAR)
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See also Genetic susceptibility baseline disease frequencies, 12, 94-96, 115, and lung cancer, 174, 175, 176, 288, 289 to cancer; specific diseases 117, 252 Massachusetts tuberculosis cohort, 170-171, absolute risk, 110 bases for, 8, 96, 115-116 174, 176, 243, 273, 287, 292 autosomal dominant, 79, 80, 81, 92, 94, 95, BEIR III estimates, 94-95 and skin cancer, 2 96, 97-98, 101, 102, 103-105, 110, 112, BEIR V estimates, 12, 94-95, 96, 115-116, 14-3-3 proteins, 39 115, 116, 117, 125 117-118, 252 Free radicals, DNA damage from, 19, 29-30, 239 autosomal recessive, 79, 80, 81, 92-93, 94-95, calculations, 109, 115, 116 French Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, 28, 96, 101, 104, 105, 110-111, 115, 117-118 chromosomal diseases, 115, 117 190 baseline frequencies, 12, 92, 94-95, 96, 115, chronic multifactorial diseases, 115, 116, 117 117-118 by class of disease, 94, 117 basic concepts, 328 congenital abnormalities, 115, 116, 117, 120 G chromosomal, 93, 96, 115, 119 current estimates, 116, 118-120 chronic, 111, 115, 116, 119 DDREF and, 92, 246 GADD45 gene, 39 congenital, 93, 95, 105-106, 112, 115, 117, 119 direct method, 8, 112 Gall bladder cancer, 147, 148, 149, 269 defined, 92 doubling dose method, 8, 12, 93-101, 102, Gamma rays experimental data, 112-113 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 252 bystander effects, 54-55 frequency, 105 endpoints, 118, 130, 131 cancer risk estimates, 276 inborn errors of metabolisms, 113 equilibrium effects, 94, 117 carcinogenesis, 24-26, 28 marker, 125 extrapolation of animal data to humans, 96 cobalt-60, 19 n.1, 21, 22, 24 Mendelian, 92-93, 94-95, 96, 98, 105, 111, 97, 109-111, 114 damage mechanisms, 26-27 112, 113, 115, 119 first postradiation generation, 94, 116, 117, DDREF, 61 MIM maps, 125 118 defined, 374 minisatellite polymorphisms and, 113, 114 framework, 92 dose-rate effect, 28 multifactorial, 8, 93, 95, 96, 101, 112, 115, germ cell stages and, 92 dosimetry for atomic bomb survivors, 6, 142 117, 119 goal, 92 environmental exposures, 212 multisystem developmental abnormalities, indirect method, 8, 93-94 extrapolation to X-ray exposures, 24 12, 112 methods, 91, 92 high-energy, 24 mutation component, 98, 101-105, 117 mouse data, 92, 96-97, 98-101, 109-111, mutations in mice from, 126 potential phenotypes, 111-113 112-113, 114, 115-116, 252 occupational exposures, 204 PRCF estimates, 110-111 mutation component, 12, 81, 94, 101-113, photon energies, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 276 prevalence, 80, 96, 98, 110 115, 116, 117, 119, 252 RBE, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 126, 276 "radiation-inducible," 92 overlap in estimates, 119-120 signal transduction study, 56 risk estimation by class of, 94, 115, 116 potential recoverability correction factor, 12, terrestrial, 30 spontaneous mutation rates, 97-98, 109 109-110, 115, 119, 252 Gap junctions, 39, 54, 55 sporadic cases, 108 reconciliation of present and past estimates, Gastric ulcer, 153, 241 UNSCEAR estimates, 94-95, 96 117, 118 Gastrointestinal cancers, 218 X-linked, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, reproductive outcomes, 252 Gene amplification, 47, 49, 72 104-105, 110, 115, 116, 125 second-generation progeny, 116 Gene transcription, 55, 113 Genetic effects of radiation. See also sex differences, 119, 120 Gene-environment interactions, 12, 86, 87, 88 Chromosome aberrations; DNA damage; spontaneous mutations, 8, 96-101 Genes.
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cells, 48, 55, X-linked disorders, 79 HSP90 proteins, 52 58, 59, 61 Genomic instability, radiation-induced, 11, 43 HTLV-1, 244 DNA repair rates in Chinese hamster V79 alpha particles and, 70, 71 Human cell lines/systems cells, 52 apoptosis and, 48-49 chromosomal instability in diploid malignant transformation in embryo cells, 59, in bone marrow cells, 72 fibroblasts, 72 61 bystander effects, 54, 55, 70 fibroblasts, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72 mutation studies, 59 and cancer risk assessment, 251 Hela hybrid system, 52, 59, 62 Hanford Site, 135, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197, 199, cell cycle effects, 49, 113 human-hamster hybrid, 51, 72 200, 213, 215, 230, 234, 235, 276 in CHO cells, 58 hypersensitivity to killing, 56 HAP1, 32 chromatid instability, 70-73 immortalized, 52, 58 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 102 chromosomal aberrations and, 46, 47-48, 54, keratinocytes, 54-55 Health end point data, 76-77, 142 58, 59, 60-61, 70, 251 malignant transformation, 59, 62 Heart disease. See Cardiovascular disease defined, 47 MCF-7:W58 breast cancer, 56 Heat shock-related proteins, 52-53 delayed, in somatic cells, 127 mutagenesis in lymphoblastoid cells, 51, 59 Heavy metal exposures, 128, 242 DNA repair defects and, 48, 49, 72 60 Helicobacter pylori infection, 241-242, 302 dose-response relationship, 45, 46, 48, 49, myeloid tumor, 56 Hemangiosarcomas, 150 60-61 oocyte radiosensitivity, 99 Hematopoietic cells, chromatid instability in, 70 frequencies, 47-48, 61 TK6 lymphoblasts, 58, 59-60, 61 71 gene mutations and, 61, 66, 68, 70, 87, 88, Human studies.
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, 203 Ischemic heart disease, 95, 153 233, 244 Internally deposited radionuclides. See also Israel Tinea Capitis Study, 68, 155, 156, 166- EPA model, 282 Iodine-131; other specific radionuclides 167, 181, 182, 183, 273, 292 etiology, 243 alpha particles, 199-200 excess relative risk, 12, 295, 307-309 cancer risk estimates, 200, 276 frequencies, 77 Chernobyl accident and, 276 J genetic susceptibility, 80, 86, 87 dose estimates, 3, 4 human data, 72 dose-response relationships, 43, 276 Japanese nuclear workers, 198 ICRP model, 282 and lung cancer, 200 Jaslovske power plant, 197 in infants, 218-221, 226 measurement problems, 199-200 Juvenile osteocondrosis, 95 in utero exposures and, 172 naturally occurring, 30, 43 incidence, 244, 284 nuclear industry worker exposure, 190, 199- initiation mechanisms, 66-67, 68, 74 200 K internally deposited radionuclides and, 200 and prostate cancer, 200 latent, 68, 72 Kerma doses, 144, 375 International Agency for Research on Cancer, lymphocytic (nonacute)
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See also Atomic breast cancer risk, 86 in nuclear industry workers, 135, 190, 198 bomb survivors cumulative effects, 53, 155 in peptic ulcer cohort, 163, 174, 175, 288 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 defined, 2, 11 in radiologists and radiologic technologists, Linde facility, 190 DNA damage, 31 204, 205 Linear energy transfer (LET)
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population exposure, 3-4 for solid cancers, 298-302 projections of cancer risk over time, 239-240 MAPK, 39 summing solid cancers, 279-280, 296 relative risk, 25, 26, 137, 138-139, 148, 149, Marfan syndrome, 92, 98 Wald method, 138 159, 164, 175, 240, 242, 243, 244, 253 Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Models/modeling. See also Cancer risk solid cancers (all)
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From page 399... ...
INDEX 399 dose-response relationships, 145 telomere-deficient strains, 48 Mutation component of genetic diseases healthy worker effect, 136 Trp53-deficient, 78 application, 102 life shortening as proxy for, 28-29 tumorigenesis, 68-70, 71-75, 82-83 autosomal dominant diseases, 102, 103-105, lymphoma, 151 MRE11, 37 111, 115, 116, 119 nonneoplastic disease in atomic bomb Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1, 38 autosomal recessive diseases, 104, 105, 110 survivors scans, 141, 152-153 MSH2 gene, 67 111, 115 premature, 8 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 150 BEIR V estimates, 94, 106, 115 solid cancers, 144, 145 Multifactorial diseases, 8 chronic multifactorial disease, 105-113, 119 Mound Facility, 191, 192, 197 baseline frequencies, 95-96 concept, 94 Mouse/murine studies BEIR V estimates, 95, 96, 115, 117 congenital abnormalities, 105-106, 111, 116 adaptive response, 51, 52, 53, 55, 78 BEIR VII estimates, 96 defined, 94, 101-102, 111 AKR strain, 78 cancer as, 81 dose-response relationship, 108, 245 Apc-deficient genotype, 69, 70, 87 chronic, 95, 96, 105-113, 115, 117, 119, 124 for early postradiation generations, 106, 116 Atm-deficient, 82-83 congenital, 93, 95, 96, 112, 117 at equilibrium, 94, 106 BALB/c, 71, 74, 76, 127 defined, 93 estimation, 103-113 BRCA-deficient, 82-83 doubling dose, 94, 95-96, 101, 115 finite-locus threshold model, 105-107, 108, cataracts, 115 estimates of risk, 115, 117 111, 124 C3H 10T1/2 cells, 50, 52, 55, 59, 61-62 examples, 93 first-generation increase in mutation rate and, C3H/HeN strain, 126 familial aggregation studies, 122 103, 104, 105, 106-108, 109, 119 C57BL/6 strain, 71, 127 genetic basis, 93, 95-96, 124 gene-gene interactions (epistasis) and, 108 CBA strains, 71, 73-74, 78, 127 models, 93, 95, 105-106, 120-122, 124 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 102 chemotherapy studies, 130 multisystem developmental abnormalities, heritability of liability concept, 105, 106, chromatid instability, 71-73 112-113 107, 111, 121-122, 124 chromosome aberrations, 48, 57, 58, 119 mutation component, 81, 94, 101, 105-113, ICRP hybrid model, 105, 109 congenital abnormalities, 115, 116, 131 117, 119, 124 multisystem developmental abnormalities, DNA repair, 34, 42 potential recoverability correction factor, 119 112 dose-rate reduction factor, 100 n.1 prevalence, 95 murine studies of induced mutations, 109 dose-response relationships at low doses, 58, risk estimates, 117, 119 111, 112-113, 116, 124-125 60, 73-75, 76, 78, 126 threshold model, 93, 94, 120-121, 124 mutation-selection balance, 94, 102, 103, doubling dose, 96-97, 98-101, 113 Multifactorial threshold model of disease 105, 106, 107, 109, 117 ESTR mutations, 113, 114, 125-127 liability, 93, 105, 107, 120-121 nonsporadic cases, 103 extrapolation of data to humans, 73, 96-98, Multiple dystrophy, 98 numerical estimates, 104-105 114, 115 Multiple endocrine neoplasia, 80 permanent increase in mutation rate and, 104, gene deletions in melanocytes, 58, 61 Multiple exotoses, 98, 125 105, 106-109 genetic effects of radiation, 92, 98-101, 109- Multiple myeloma, 151, 164, 171, 204, 205, 214 "phenotypes" of human diseases, 111-113 111, 112-113, 115-116, 119 Multiplicative effects, 148, 150, 163, 240, 241, population genetic concepts, 102 genetic models of tumorigenesis, 58, 61, 68- 242, 243, 254, 297, 376 potential recoverability correction factor, 70, 82-83, 87 Mutagenesis 109-110, 111, 125 genome sequencing, 119, 125 adaptive response, 51 rationale for, 101-102 genomic instability as gene deletions, 58, 61 alpha particles, 53, 54, 68 spontaneous mutations in humans, 109-111, Harderian gland tumors, 74 apoptosis and, 49 124-125 HPRT mutations, 44-45, 58, 60 bystander effects, 54 sporadic, 103-104, 108 human counterparts of genes, 98, 99 cell cycle phase and 49, 50, 81, 113 strengths and weaknesses of, 119 induced mutation rates, 92, 98-101 in cells hemizygous for autosomal APRT, 46 UNSCEAR, 109 intestinal tract cancers, 87 chromosome aberrations and, 47 X-linked diseases, 104, 105, 111, 115, 116, leukemia, 68-70, 72, 73-74 DDREF, 246 119 lung cancer, 28, 50, 74, 76, 87 DNA damage and repair processes and, 47, Mutation rates lymphoid neoplasms, 68-70, 73-74, 78 65, 246 age and, 97 malignant transformation, 59, 61-62 dose fractionation and, 57 animal studies extrapolated to humans, 96-98 mammary tumors, 50, 71-73, 74, 88 dose-rate effects, 50 in atomic bomb survivors, 6, 114, 129, 130 minisatellites, 125-126 dose-response relationship, 47, 50, 57, 59-60, 131 ms5S embryonic skin cells, 51, 52 61, 113 calculating rates in mice, 99-100, 119 multisystem developmental abnormalities, at ESTR loci in mice, 113-114 in children of atomic bomb survivors, 114 112-113 genetic context, 46 in children of Chernobyl inhabitants/cleanup mutation studies, 8, 44-45, 47, 50, 56-57, 58, germline, 47, 65, 114 workers, 114, 128, 129-130 60, 92, 98-101, 109-111, 112-113, 126- at HPRT gene, 47, 51, 53, 58, 59-60, 61 dominant disorders, 98, 100 127, 130 hypersensitivity to radiation and, 56-57 dose fractionation and, 99 oocyte killing, 24, 75, 98-99, 130 mechanisms, 27, 46-47, 126 in early postradiation generations, 106 ovarian tumors, 50, 74, 75, 76 at minisatellite loci in humans, 113-114 effects at equilibrium following permanent quantitative studies, 73-75 radiation quality and, 47 increase, 106-109 radiosensitivity, 42, 56-57 RBE variation with LET, 24, 47 at ESTRs, 126-127 RFM strain, 28, 29, 73-74, 75 in somatic cells, 46-47, 113, 246 family size and, 97 skeletal abnormalities, 115 in spermatogonia, 60 in first generation, 105, 106, 108, 129 skin cancer, 75, 87 target genes, 47 and fitness of a population, 102 solid tumors, 74-75 in TK6 human lymphoblastoid cells, 59-60, and genetic disease risk in humans, 109-111 spermatogonia mutations, 50, 98 61 in human genes, 97-98
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See also Nuclear industry Atomic Radiation, 91 deletions, 36, 40, 47, 54, 65, 109 workers; individual facilities Committee on the Biological Effects of detection, 127, 129-130 accidents, 208, 209, 211, see Chernobyl Radiation, 91; see also BEIR entries dominant negative, 125 accidents Natural background radiation dose-response relationship, 47, 57, 59-60, 73, commercial power plants, 3, 190 annual effective dose per person worldwide, 113, 114, 246 dosimetry in population exposures, 209-211, 2, 3, 4, 30, 43 in Drosophila melanogaster, 8 212, 213, 214, 229-232 cancer risk, 7-8, 228 electrophoretic, 131 fuel processing plants, 190, 199-200, 209, chemical aspects, 30-31 first generation, 130-131 212, 213, 215, 229, 234 defined, 373 frequencies, 46-47, 94, 105 and leukemia, 190, 213 DNA damage, 30-31 gain-of-function, 66, 81, 125 occupational exposures, 190 dosimetry, 228 germline, 6, 8, 81, 103, 109; see also Genetic population exposures in proximity to, 208 ecologic studies, 228 susceptibility to cancer 215 in Great Britain, 228 high-penetrance, 81, 85 U.S. population exposure to radiation from, high-dose exposures, 4 HPRT, 44-45, 47, 53, 58, 60 3, 5 in Kerala, India, 228 human minisatellite loci, 128-129 Nuclear Industry Family Study, 233 low-dose exposures, 4, 8, 31, 43 human tumors, 66-67 Nuclear industry workers.
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See also Proto-oncogenes; Physical aspects of ionizing radiation socioeconomic status, 199 Tumorigenesis, radiation induced epidemiological studies, 24-26 solid cancers, 201 activation, 65 experimental observations, 28-29 thyroid cancer, 203-204 defined, 376 genetic damage mechanisms, 26-27 uncertainties in data, 14, 194, 198 Oncovin, 130 in vivo studies, 24 Nuclear medicine, U.S. population exposure Oocytes LET, 22-24 from, 3, 5 chemotherapy effects, 130 neutron interaction with tissue elements, Nuclear membrane damage, 29, 49 primordial, 92 27-29 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S.)
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See also specific radioisotopes dose-response relationship for secondary and bone cancer, 75 diagnostic exposures, 156 cancer, 157-170 and breast cancer, 176, 180, 243 natural in human body, 30, 43 dosimetry, 155, 156-157, 159, 161, 176-177, and cancer risk assessment, 241, 243 Radiologists and radiologic technicians 183, 184, 186, 187 and DNA damage, 31 breast cancer, 205 extrapolation to other populations, 155 dose-rate effects distinguished from, 77 colon cancer, 205 genetic effects, 9 genetic risk assessment, 92 leukemia, 189, 204, 205 Hodgkin's disease patients, 130, 158-159, and life span, 76, 77 lung cancer, 204, 205 174, 176, 177, 242-243 occupational, 189, 200-202 lymphoma, 204, 205 for hormonal infertility, 164 radiation protection implications, 189 mortality rate, 2, 189, 204, 205 hyperthyroidism studies, 165-166, 169, 181, reduction in risk for, 246 multiple myeloma, 204, 205 185, 234 thyroid cancer, 182 pancreatic cancer, 204 for malignant diseases, 9, 130, 155, 156, 157 and tumorigenesis, 75 prostate cancer, 204 162 Protons skin cancer, 2, 204, 205 and minisatellite mutations, 114, 130 dose-effect relationships, 28 Radionuclides. See also Internally deposited mouse studies, 130 energy transfer, 19, 20 radionuclides; specific radionuclides non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, 162 recoil, 27, 28 in utero exposures, 330 occupational exposures, 205 Proto-oncogenes, 66, 68, 80, 81-82 organically bound, 330 ovarian cancer patients, 160 PTC gene, 80 in work environment, 199-200 in peptic ulcer patients, 163, 174, 175, 185 Ptch gene, 66, 68, 69, 82, 83 Radiosensitivity postpartum mastitis cohorts, 26, 163, 177, 5´,8-Purine cyclodeoxynucleosides, 34 age and, 68 180 Pyloric stenosis, 120 animal studies, 34, 69, 71, 82-83 and radiosensitivity, 82, 83-87, 155 Pyrimidopurinone, 34 of bone marrow, 173 registries, 155 of breast tissue, 56, 86, 173 secondary tumors, 84-85, 86, 88, 135, 155, cardiovascular system, 185-186 157-162, 173-187 Q cell cycle phase and, 45, 49-50, 55, 82, 83, site-specific cancer risk estimates, 173-187 86, 113 and skin cancer, 68 Quality factor (Q)
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See also alpha particles, 71 confidence intervals, 133, 136, 137-139, Bone cancer animal studies, 28-29 176 Skin cancer and cancer risk assessment, 276 defined, 377 age dependency, 298 cell cycle phase and, 50 definition of risk, 260 animal studies, 74, 75, 76, 87 and chromosome aberrations, 24, 27-28, 276 direct estimates, 261, 290 in atomic bomb survivors, 148, 149, 150 defined, 376 excess risks, 132, 137-138, 260-261 151, 269, 295 dose-rate effects on, 21, 24, 28 incidence rates and, 259, 260-261 beta particles and, 75 experimental observations, 28-29 incomplete covariate information and, 265 caretaker gene, 67 gamma rays, 21, 22-24, 126, 276 lifetime risk projections, 137, 240, 264-265 children, 161, 167 and gene mutations, 47 mathematical models, 261-262 dose-response relationship, 74, 76, 151, 245 and genomic instability, 71 measures of risk, 132 excess relative risk, 148 LET of radiations and, 21, 24, 31, 47 methodology, 137-138, 259-261 fluoroscopy and, 2 neutrons, 20, 27-29, 126, 143, 146, 297 pooling data from multiple studies, 169, 172 gatekeeper gene, 66 protracted exposure and, 75, 176, 180, 243 probability models, 260, 265 genetic susceptibility to, 80, 84, 87 uncertainty in, 29, 286 RBE in, 28 latent damage, 76, 167 X-rays, 22-24, 276, 286 relative risk, 261 in mice, 69, 76 Relative risk, defined, 132, 376 risk models, 138-139, 261-266 in radiologists, 2 Renal carcinoma, 69, 70, 80, 222 sample sizes, 297 radiotherapy-related risks, 84, 162, 167 Research recommendations validity of estimates, 266 risk estimates, 245, 270-271, 282, 294, 295 adaptive response, 53, 314 Rochester Thymus Study, 26, 180, 181, 292 in tinea capitis radiotherapy patients, 68, 167 atomic bomb survivor studies, 18, 317-319 Rocketdyne/Atomics International, 191, 192, UV-induced, 75, 151 baseline frequencies of Mendelian diseases, 194, 197, 200 xeroderma pigmentosum and, 79 316-317 Rocky Flats, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, Skin hemangioma cohort, 26, 168-169, 172, 174, biological phenomena at low doses, 9, 16-17, 199 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, 314-315 Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 1-2, 156 287 bystander effects, 314 RPA, 38 Smoke detectors, 3 Chernobyl cleanup workers, 204 Russell, William, 100 n.1 Smokers/smoking doubling dose calculations, 316 Ruthenium-106, 212, 213, 214 and carcinogenesis, 242 environmental radiation studies, 17-18, 321 confounding in radiation studies, 57, 138, epidemiological studies, 18, 317-321 150, 198, 199, 242, 245 genetic effects of radiation, 17, 316-317 S and liver cancer, 242 genetic susceptibility to cancer, 17, 315 and lung cancer, 87, 135, 138, 150, 174, 176, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA repair in, 30, genomic instability, 49, 53, 315 198, 242, 245 36, 40-42 hormesis, 17, 315 radiation exposure in tobacco, 3, 4 Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 168 hyperradiosensitivity for low doses, 314 synergistic effects, 242 Salivary gland tumors, 149-150, 161, 165, 167, integration of biology and epidemiology, Socioeconomic status, confounding in radiation 269 321-322 studies, 199 Sarcomas, 67, 69. See also Osteosarcoma; Soft lifetime risk models, 322-323 Soft tissue sarcoma, 80, 84, 161 tissue sarcoma medical radiation studies, 5, 17, 319-320 Solid cancers, 6 Sasakawa Foundation, 225 molecular and cellular responses to ionizing age dependencies, 297-298 Savannah River Site, 190, 192 radiation, 15-16, 313-314 in atomic bomb survivors, 142, 143, 144 Scaffold proteins, 32, 33, 34 multisystem developmental abnormalities, 147, 245, 297-307 Schwannomas, 152 317 baseline risks, 241 Scoliosis, 155, 172, 176, 177, 187 occupational radiation studies, 17, 320-321 Chernobyl accident and, 227-228 Searle, Tony, 100 n.1 potential recoverability correction factor, 317 defined, 377 SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End radiation-sensitive subpopulations, 314 dose-response relationship, 74-75, 142, 144, Results)
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See Fluoroscopy ethnic origin and, 167 baseline lifetime risk estimates, 278 Tuberous sclerosis, 80, 82, 83, 98 etiology, 244 in cervical cancer survivors, 158, 185, 288 Tumor progression, 49 excess relative risk, 12 childhood exposures and, 168, 185 Tumor promotion, 240, 241 familial medullary, 80 etiology, 241-242 action of, 241 genetic susceptibility, 80, 81-82, 86, 244, 246 excess relative risk, 12, 287, 288, 289, 301- and dose-response relationships, 75, 76 hormones and, 244 302 environmental/lifestyle factors, 242, 244, 254 in utero exposure and, 224, 225 incidence, 173-174, 185, 278, 284, 298, 303, genes, 66, 68, 80, 81-82 incidence, 180-181, 244 305, 304, 306 hormonal factors, 243, 244 iodine deficiency and, 225, 244 mortality, 278, 282, 298 stomach cancer, 241-242
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, 163-164, 69, 70, 72-73, 74, 82, 86 286, 296 183, 287, 288 confounding stress factors, 71 in DDREF, 279, 284, 285, 286, 295, 296, Uterine cancer DDREF, 77-79, 246-250 310 in atomic bomb survivors, 147, 148, 149, diet and, 242 defined, 377 269, 298, 303-306 DNA damage response and, 6, 11, 65, 68, 69, in diagnostic radiation risk estimates, 286 radiotherapy-related, 157, 158, 159, 162, 70, 73, 82, 83, 239, 227-228, 239, 246 in dose-response relationships, 246 163, 287 dose-response relationships, 12, 45, 50, 55, in dosimetry, 3, 14, 128, 129, 139, 142, 169, risk models and estimates, 272, 278, 279, 59, 60, 61-62, 68, 70, 73-77, 84, 89, 140, 198-200, 233, 241, 266, 285 280, 282, 303-306 245-246 in doubling dose estimates, 98-99, 130, 131 Uterine fibroma, 86 epidemiologic studies, 68 EPA assessment of, 284 Uterine myoma, 151-152, 153 etiology at different histologic sites, 241-245 in epidemiological studies, 133, 284 fractionation kinetics, 73, 75-76, 78-79, 182 in error correction, 296 genetic susceptibility, 12, 65-66, 79-90 in exposure estimates, 114, 174 V genomic instability and, 11-12, 39, 49, 65, in genetic risk estimates, 98-99, 114 Vaginal cancer, 157 66, 67, 69, 70-73 joint analysis, 295 Varicose veins, 95 in hematopoietic cells, 70-71 LAR analysis, 278, 279, 284, 308-310 VHL gene, 66, 80, 81 human data, 68, 71, 83-85 in lifetime cancer risk, 278, 279, 284-286 Vinblastine, 130 latency, 65, 68, 78 Monte Carlo analysis, 293, 295 Vincristine, 130 life-span shortening, 76-77 NCRP assessment of, 284 Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 80, 125 lymphoma and leukemia, 68-70, 71, 73-74 NIH assessment of, 284, 295 malignant transformation, 51-52, 62, 78-79 occupational exposures, 14, 194, 198 mammary epithelial cells, 71-73 in population effects, 286 W mechanisms, 11-12, 27, 65, 66-70, 74, 75, procedures for addressing, 308-310 76, 81-82, 89, 245 quantitative evaluation, 278, 284-285 Warthin's tumor, 150 monoclonal origins, 11, 245, 253-254 in radiation exposure data, 3, 169 Water, electron ionization, 21, 29-32 mouse models, 68-69, 70, 71 in RBE, 29, 286 World Health Organization, 128 mutations and, 11, 65, 66-70 in risk estimates, 29, 284, 286 WT-1 gene, 66, 80 persistence of initiated cells postirradiation, from sampling variability, 278, 279, 280, 76 284, 285, 296, 308-309 phases and process, 11, 66, 240 sources, 133, 285, 295-296 X in progeny, 70 statistical, 29 quantitative studies, 73-79, 89 time since exposure, 275 Xenon, 209 RBE for, 24, 28, 29 Underground miners. See Uranium miners Xeroderma pigmentosum, 79, 80, 81 solid tumors, 74-75 United Nations Scientific Committee on the X-linked disorders, 79 spontaneous mechanisms compared, 11, 12, Effects of Atomic Radiation XP-A to XP-G gene, 67, 68, 80 66-67, 70, 239 (UNSCEAR)
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From page 406... ...
406 INDEX electron tracks, 62 RBE, 22-26, 276, 286 XRCC3 protein, 35, 36 luggage inspection scanners, 3 resistance to, 30, 32, 40, 42 XRCC4 protein, 35 mutations, 68, 91, 99, 100-101 soft, 20, 22, 55, 286 from photoelectric process, 20, 22 spikes, 20 photon energies, 20-22, 23 tumorigenesis, 24-26, 49, 68, 69, 75 Z physical aspects, 19-29 ultrasoft, 22 Zinc-65, 200 priming dose, 55, 78 U.S. population exposure, 3, 5 Zirconium-95, 212, 213, 214 XRCC1 protein, 32, 33, 34 XRCC2 protein, 35, 36
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