Dynamic Changes in Marine Ecosystems Fishing, Food Webs, and Future Options (2006) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 13-22
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A number of recent scientific publications conclude that changes to marine populations and food webs caused by fisheries removals are larger than had been previously believed, raising public and scientific concerns about the true extent of changes in marine ecosystems. At the same time, both the U.S.
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14 DYNAMIC CHANGES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS a. Recovering (R)
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This report strives to present and discuss the related scientific literature by putting the range of perspectives in context and weighing the collective evidence on fisheriesinduced ecosystem change. POLICY CONTEXT Fisheries management has traditionally focused on the status of individual fish stocks; both the United States and the United Nations have policies regarding rebuilding overfished species.
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All of these actions could be occurring individually or in concert to drive a relatively pristine marine ecosystem to one that is fully utilized1 and, eventually, to one that is degraded.2 Ultimately these effects, individually or collectively, may result in shifts in marine ecosystems that may or may not be reversible. Another issue at hand is how to manage and protect marine ecosystems when goals and actions are based on incomplete understanding of ecosystem components and what constitutes an undisturbed ecosystem.
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. And while other models are still in the development stage, the possibility remains that models can be used to construct future scenarios of various ecosystem effects based on initial input conditions including biologic, economic, and management parameters.
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Alternatively, policy options could incorporate multiple-species management strategies based on analyses of species interactions, food webs, and community dynamics. For systems that are already overutilized or potentially degraded, this approach might be termed ecosystem rehabilitation, sensu Francis et al.
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But both natural and social science have an important role in informing management decisions by revealing the range of potential outcomes based on a more complete understanding of ecosystem functioning, human behavior, and the connections between interacting species.
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, published literature, and their own expertise. This report examines the current scientific evidence for ecosystem effects of fishing, including changes in abundance, biodiversity, and genetic structure of populations; food-web effects such as trophic cascades and species interactions; and both physical and fisheryinduced regime shifts (Chapter 2)
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Chapter 5 discusses the research needed to better understand multi-species interactions and the social and economic science needed to improve management strategies. Chapter 6 contains the recommendations of the committee, setting forth a research and stewardship agenda that will support a more holistic approach to fisheries management.
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