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Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents Appropriate Use of Animal Models (2006) / Chapter Skim
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3 Generation and Characterization of Aerosolized Agents
Pages 21-28

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From page 21...
... However, if testing of aerosolized agents is performed in a standardized way -- especially those procedures that may lead to application to the FDA for approval of therapeutics or vaccines -- then laboratories can share their findings and compare outcomes. Judging by a number of aerosol generators and aerosol-characterization procedures that were described during the Workshop, it appears that they have not been standardized among laboratories.
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From page 22...
... . This generator produces droplet aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 1 to 3 µm.
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From page 23...
... In terms of testing for the effects of aerosolized bioterrorism agents, use of these devices could be an improvement over air-blast nebulization, as they allow for custom-design of the aerosol particle size. Thus they could be used to generate test aerosols of different particle sizes that could be compared in terms of their infectivities.
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From page 24...
... Techniques for characterizing the aerosol particle-size distribution from a particular aerosol generator will be discussed in detail in the next section of this chapter. If one chooses the mouse as the animal model for early tiered testing of the effects of aerosolized bioterrorism agents, it is important to keep in mind that an aerosol consisting of 1-µm particles or smaller has the highest probability of depositing in the tracheobronchial and alveolar regions of the lungs of mice that are exposed during nose-only breathing (Raabe and others 1988)
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From page 25...
... Other analyzers utilize optical techniques to provide particle-size information in real time. Such counters may be specifically designed for light scattered at low angles (low-angle devices)
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From page 26...
... For these assessments, survival of the collected particles in their original airborne state is an important consideration in selecting the size analyzer. One factor that can adversely affect survival is desiccation, which usually occurs during particle sizing with a cascade impactor.
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From page 27...
... be included in reports of studies in order to standardize the reporting of aerosol characterization between laboratories. TABLE 3-1 Recommended Measurements to be Included in Standard Operating Procedures for Generation of Aerosols · Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)
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From page 28...
... Indication of whether impinger was sterilized, and method used 4. Estimate of microorganism viability and how estimate was obtained Exposure information 1.
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Key Terms

  • light scattered
  • standard operating
  • contain microorganisms
  • cascade impactor
  • analyzers utilize

  • obtain assessments
  • aerosol available
  • optical particle
  • size distributions
  • low angles

  • direction below
  • airborne state
  • optical techniques
  • examples include
  • mass median

  • aerodynamic particle
  • aerosolized bioterrorism
  • median aerodynamic
  • aerodynamic diameter
  • usually occurs

  • aerodynamic properties
  • particle size
  • particle sizer
  • geometric standard
  • size analyzer

  • organism viability
  • optical counters
  • contain viable
  • impactor stage
  • include climet


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