A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs (2006) / Chapter Skim
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7 Strategies, Issues, and Funding Trends
7 Strategies, Issues, and Funding Trends
Pages 216-238
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Not only does an OEM fund some of its own work -- known as independent research and development (IR&D) -- it also receives funding for exploratory or advanced development research from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
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GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY COLLABORATION The committee visited most of the aerospace propulsion companies to inquire about commercial best practices and technology capabilities and to observe and study how their strategic plans incorporated these technologies into their products to improve thrust and durability and to reduce fuel consumption and weight. In most cases, the engineering processes of these companies had standard tasks like risk reduction and design review that were more in depth than the Air Force's current specification reviews -- namely, preliminary design review and critical design review.
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Since the Air Force has been by far the largest investor in the science and technology (S&T) arena in both aircraft propulsion and rocket propulsion, the committee felt this made sense.
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In exchange, the Air Force would reimburse the OEM with 25 percent of the net fuel savings over the life of the aircraft. An additional 25 percent of the savings would be awarded to the S&T community, and the rest of the savings would be realized by the fuel community.
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ADDITIONAL ISSUES This section describes various important topics not covered elsewhere in the report: (1) infrastructure needs for aerospace propulsion, (2)
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· National Aerospace Fuels Research Complex. AFRL has the only aircraft fuel system simulator in the United States that is used for fundamental research, exploratory development, and in-house development of advanced fuels, additives, and fuel system components.
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. Planned DoD S&T funding is one-half to one-third of FY00 levels, but when Air Force fixed costs are taken into account, the effect on university and contractor manpower is magnified.
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The commission went on to say that investment "enhances U.S. national security, enables breakthrough capabilities, and fosters an efficient, secure and safe aerospace transportation system." The committee's concerns are further supported by the statistics below and reinforced by some recent studies (Gibbons, 2004; NRC, 2004, 2006b)
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224 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS transition into design include computational procedures for the design of complex three-dimensional turbomachinery, directionally solidified turbine blades leading to single crystal airfoils and blades, and the software and hardware for full-authority digital electronic engine controls. Basic research, conducted not only at AFRL and the main DoD laboratories but also at many world-class academic institutions and at a smaller number of industrial R&D laboratories, provides the essential foundation on which to develop and validate component and propulsion system design.
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STRATEGIES, ISSUES, AND FUNDING TRENDS 225 · Fundamental approach to long-term technical challenges; · Modeling and simulation to reduce costs and to promote a scientific approach; and · Critical experimentation to validate and refine models. These projects focus on enabling high-risk, high-payoff concept development along with basic research investigations to overcome technical barriers that hinder breakthrough technology development.
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From page 226... ...
Recommendation 7-9. DoD should restore 6.2 and 6.3 technology development funding to levels that give buying power equal to that which prevailed when the United States had held an undisputed lead in engine technology -- i.e., the time when the F100 and F110 engines were being developed.
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Also, as IHPRPT comes to an end, perhaps we can look at the three programs as a model for the next combined effort for rocket development. Scramjet development, which is expected to lead to several combined-cycle engines for future space launch vehicles, is being pursued concurrently by DoD, the Air Force, the Navy, and the Army under different programs.
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The Air Force would execute the active closed-loop communication between the technology steps. The discussion above deals with the benefits of leveraging to the military.
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STRATEGIES, ISSUES, AND FUNDING TRENDS 229 Development Stages Feasibility Demonstration Maturation Technology Creation? TTG3 TTG6 TTG9 $Millions Commitment Initial evaluation- Sub-scale Process capability lab scale demonstration fully established -Production Estimates of key Components specifications in place characteristics produced to -Supply chain Products launched when prelim specs established technologies are mature Production All necessary windows estim property data obtained Demonstrator Programs Product Creation?
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The United States is a leader in some emerging fields, such as fuel cells and more electric aircraft, but others are catching up. It is unclear if VAATE is the whole answer.
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Finding 7-7. The committee found that the United States still maintains a lead in military GTE -- probably about half a generation.
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Finding 7-8. Environmental restrictions require the military to have a national security exemption for the use of JP-8 fuel in tactical vehicles in the United States.
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Within the Air Force, work related to aerospace propulsion is also conducted in materials and manufacturing and air vehicles. The Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering (SAF/AQR)
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FY07 AF 115,360 23,974 16,255 31,600 29,025 14,506 46,078 45,839 239 86,690 2,834 5,588 14,172 4,784 33,780 25,532 27,543 275,671 0 0% 275,671 161,438 FY07 DoD 410,0 00 FY06 AF 107,523 18,876 14,371 32,095 30,134 12,047 41,458 41,212 246 77,268 196 4,028 18,430 6,627 23,212 24,775 25,347 251,596 0 0% 251,596 148,981 FY06 DoD 405,0 00 FY05 AF 132,918 13,094 16,098 34,345 44,152 25,229 49,699 49,521 178 86,050 371 5,250 22,420 5,986 26,069 25,954 28,484 297,151 991 20,418 29,588 12,092 63,089 21% 234,062 182,617 NEEDS dollars) FY05 DoD 445,000 of PROPULSION FY04 AF 126,295 16,681 17,540 31,341 36,155 24,578 56,562 51,862 4,700 86,720 3,352 3,207 26,887 11,649 14,433 27,192 21,161 290,738 0 12,391 21,926 5,343 39,660 14% 251,078 182,857 (thousands AEROSPACE FY07 OF to FY04 DoD 390,000 FY04 REVIEW A for ts Ints propulsion gas Budge technology ponent spherico tems propulsion onstration technology com atm subsy propulsion S&T technology technology & technology rocket engine Dem propulsion lubrication power air-breathing fuels power engine ssileim aerospace turbine propulsion propulsion propulsion Propulsion and and Propulsion Force Description Advanced Fuels Turbines Aerospace Rocket Rocket technology High-speed technology Aerospace Aerospace Aircraft Space Advanced Advanced generator Rocket Air and p DoD BPAC Total 3012 3048 3066 3145 4847 Total 5026 5027 Total 2480 3035 4921 4922 5098 681B 5033 Hy Pwr Rckt Turb Total Total 7-1 PR Total 234 TABLE of PE 62203F 62500 63216F 63500F Total Adds Adds Adds Adds Adds % Total without Adds 6.2
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58.6% 114,233 41.4% 92,672 33.6% 182,999 66.4% 90,393 32.8% 92,672 33.6% 34,613 12.6% 57,993 21.0% 165,0 00 85,00 0 35,00 0 130,0 00 59.2% 102,615 40.8% 85,233 33.9% 166,363 66.1% 89,867 35.7% 85,233 33.9% 34,162 13.6% 42,334 16.8% 163,0 00 85,00 0 35,00 0 122,0 00 61.5% 114,534 38.5% 109,220 36.8% 187,931 63.2% 99,188 33.4% 109,220 36.8% 49,402 16.6% 39,341 13.2% 235 180,000 85,000 50,000 130,000 62.9% 107,881 37.1% 109,250 37.6% 181,488 62.4% 106,312 36.6% 109,250 37.6% 39,362 13.5% 35,814 12.3% 155,000 85,000 40,000 110,000 te,a actual, PBR. are are approxim bers bers are num num bers TRENDS num FY05 FY07 and and DoD FUNDING All FY04 and FY06 AND : ISSUES, Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Notes STRATEGIES, 6.3 Edwards Wright Turbines Rockets Power High speed
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TABLE 7-2 6.2 Funding for Turbine Engine Technology Development (millions of dollars) Budget Item FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06a 62203F/3066 43.4 38.7 32.2 32.7 33.5 Payroll/administration 17.6 18.9 17.5 18.9 19.5 Taxes to Air Force, AFRL, and PR 2.6 2.3 2.3 3.7 4.5 In-house R&D 4.6 5.0 4.2 4.9 6.4 Industry R&D 18.6 12.5 8.2 5.3 3.1 62203F/3048 9.7 15.3 14.7 12.5 14.4 Payroll/administration 6.0 6.5 7.9 7.5 7.7 Taxes to Air Force, AFRL, and PR 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.3 2.0 In-house R&D 3.1 4.8 3.2 3.0 3.8 Industry R&D 0.0 3.2 2.7 0.7 0.9 Total 6.2 for in-house R&D 7.7 9.8 7.4 7.9 10.2 Total 6.2 for industry R&D 18.6 15.7 10.9 6.0 4.0 Total 6.2 for R&D 26.3 25.5 18.3 13.8 14.2 aIn FY06 $1.2 million for technicians no longer covered as part of AFRL taxes.
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Arnold Air Force Base, Tenn.: Arnold Engineering Development Center. NRC (National Research Council)
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Aerospace Infrastructure and Aerospace Engineering Disciplines to Meet the Needs of the Air Force and the Department of Defense, on January 27, 2000.
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