Smart Prosthetics Exploring Assistive Devices for the Body and Mind: Task Group Summaries (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Sensory Restoration of Perception of Limb Movement and Contact
Sensory Restoration of Perception of Limb Movement and Contact
Pages 61-68
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From page 61... ...
. Current limb prostheses and neural prostheses have initially focused on the motor elements, either through the powered component of the prosthetic or the electrically stimulated muscles, or the control aspects, for example via myoelectric control or physical movement that is sensed.
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From page 62... ...
Smart prosthetics for various levels of dysfunction might require different degrees of feedback, and upper extremity applications might be considerably different than those in the lower extremity. What sensory information is necessary and sufficient for each clinical application?
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From page 63... ...
Journal of Neurological Rehabilitation 5:63-74. TASK GROUP SUMMARY Summary written by: Tom Zimmerman, Graduate Student, Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia Task group members: • Eric Altschuler, Instructor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey • Gary Berke, President, American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists • Daofen Chen, Program Director, Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke • Joseph Francis, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center • Brian Hafner, Research Director, Prosthetics Research Study • Stuart Harshbarger, System Integrator, The Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University • Jack Kotovsky, Engineer, Meso Micro and NanoTechnology, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory • Cato Laurencin, University Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System • Gerald Loeb, Professor, Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California • Mahesh Mohanty, Project Manager, Advanced Technology, Stryker Orthopaedics • Marcia O'Malley, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University • Steve Potter, Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
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From page 64... ...
If such perceptions could be mimicked and coupled with systems for controlling movement, it would be possible to create prostheses that deserve to be called "smart." Our task group brought diverse talents to bear on this challenge, as it included experts on physical rehabilitation, neuroscience, physics, orthopedics, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, and materials science -- to name only some of the disciplines represented. On the first day, hours of spirited discussion yielded a concise statement of the group's task: "designing/developing/implementing a prosthetic/ robotic limb with a sufficient level of sensory restoration/feedback to achieve functional manual control." The group defined sensation broadly, including all "somesthetic" modalities, such as vibration, posture, movement, touch, and temperature sensing.
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From page 65... ...
Finally, there should be some means of communication, whether wired or wireless telemetry, to transmit sensory information to the system that controls movement of the prosthesis and to the operator. Second, the group considered various strategies for presenting sensory information to the brain, either at the level of the central or the peripheral nervous system.
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From page 66... ...
As one group member stated, directly stimulating the central nervous system is like "throwing big boulders into the mainframe of a computer and trying to control it." The group developed the idea of muscular proprioception, in which muscle power would be utilized mechanically and taking advantage of the built-in proprioception of muscles to provide feedback to the wearer. Further, the group realized the need for further psychophysical experiments to understand which types of feedback required conscious perception.
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From page 67... ...
; • Cerebral loop -- for dexterous manipulation; • Slow human loop -- supervisory control, internal model adaptation; and • Customization loop -- based on user wearability, patient acceptance, training. From this taxonomy the group identified several questions.
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From page 68... ...
This task group and the Keck Futures Initiative allowed experts from many disciplines to convene for eight hours of spirited discussion and occasional sparring, thinking big, and taking risks in solving a common problem. For now, however, attention will turn back to the first milestone on the timeline for solving the problem: constructing prosthetic devices that incorporate more sensory perception than those available at the present.
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