Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A Executive Summaries of Reports on Toxicological or Biological Agents
Appendix A Executive Summaries of Reports on Toxicological or Biological Agents
Pages 73-100
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From page 73... ...
3. Bis Hydrogen Phosphite (BHP)
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From page 74... ...
General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to biological and chemical weapons are found in the supplement under this contract entitled "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Prevention of exposure is conscientious hospital and food hygiene. Treatment involves various regimens of antibiotics; the literature provides inconsistent reports on resistance and efficacy of various antimicrobial agents.
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From page 75... ...
Psychogenic effects of exposure specifically to beta-propiolactone were not found in the literature. General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to agents involved in chemical and biological warfare are examined in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." An online "glossary" of Project SHAD agents suggests that beta-propiolactone's carcinogenicity is subject to question due to the absence of adequate controls in experiments.
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From page 76... ...
Psychogenic effects specifically of bis hydrogen phosphite are not reported. General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to agents of chemical and biological warfare are examined in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." There is no reported antidote to any of the effects of bis hydrogen phosphite.
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From page 77... ...
, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is a pleomorphic, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular coccobacillus, typically 0.2–0.4 µm wide and 0.4-1.0 µm long. In the 1950s, CB was investigated as a potential biowarfare agent and a stock of the microbe was maintained as part of the United States' biological warfare arsenal until the arsenal was destroyed in the early 1970s.
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From page 78... ...
(Given the diffuse and evolving state of study of Q fever, it is likely, however, that the last word on CB infection is far from being written.) A presentation of some of the deficiencies in the secondary health effects literature, including federal government advisories on Project SHAD agents, will also be provided.
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From page 79... ...
The most common industrial use for diethylphthalate is as a "plasticizer" -- an agent for making plastics more flexible. In Project SHAD, diethylphthalate was used as a simulant for VX Nerve Agent.
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From page 80... ...
In Project SHAD, it was released atmospherically as a simulant to study biological decay rates; the strain is unspecified. Many strains of E
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From page 81... ...
General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to agents of biological (and chemical) warfare are examined in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Preventive measures center on proper hygiene.
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From page 82... ...
Methyl acetoacetate was used as a simulant for sarin in at least two tests over the course of Project SHAD. Methyl acetoacetate is generally regarded as being a mild to moderate irritant to the skin and mucous membrane, but with the capability (sometimes overlooked in secondary sources)
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From page 83... ...
The only confirmed military use of nerve agents in history was by Iraq, which used tabun and sarin aerial bombs to repel Iranian troops. In the latter part of the war, Iraq's extensive use of chemical warfare agents is believed to have brought an end to the conflict.
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From page 84... ...
Several of the tests did involve exposure of personnel to nerve agents and to potential biowarfare agents. The Department of Defense (DoD)
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From page 85... ...
No data indicate that respiratory effects persist long after exposure. Several animal studies that indicate there is a potential for some immunotoxicity or immunodulatory effects upon sarin exposure.
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From page 86... ...
A survey of general effects of perceived exposure to chemical and biological warfare agents is contained in the supplement under this contract, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." There are essentially five components of treatment for sarin exposure. The first component is prophylaxis.
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From page 87... ...
In Project SHAD, it was used as late as 1973 but not reported to be used on human subjects.
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From page 88... ...
Information from the Department of Defense on Project SHAD, while noting the microbe's pathogenic potential, does not directly point out that infection can be lethal. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B (SEB)
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From page 89... ...
(General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to agents of chemical and biological warfare are examined in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents.") Secondary literature is fairly comprehensive and consistent on the subject of SEB, but the association of SEB exposure with chronic allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders, and sudden infant death syndrome are not treated in general discussions of the toxin as a warfare agent.
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From page 90... ...
Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were proportionately increased in one incident although it could not be ruled out that the increase was from other causes. Information on the general psychogenic issues and effects of perceived exposure to biological or chemical warfare agents is contained in the supplement report under this contract, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Recommended treatments for sulfur dioxide exposure include 2% sodium bicarbonate sprayed into the air as well as inhaled into the lungs to neutralize its effects.
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From page 91... ...
General psychogenic effects of perceived exposure to agents of chemical and biological warfare are examined in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Treatment of exposure to trioctyl phosphate is the standard regimen of assistance to anyone exposed to a general or unknown toxic substance. Laboratory facilities involved in caregiving ought to monitor the affected person's complete blood count and perform urinalysis if necessary.
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From page 92... ...
The general question of possible psychogenic effects arising from the awareness of exposure to chemical and biological warfare agents is contained in the supplement, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Treatment for tularemia is usually the early administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Streptomycin and gentamicin are the common therapeutic agents.
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From page 93... ...
It has the chemical formula C20-H12-O5-2Na and the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number 518-47-8.
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From page 94... ...
Other psychogenic issues, such as the general stressor reactions to perceived exposure to a contaminant in biological and chemical warfare testing, are treated in the supplement under this contract, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Standard prophylaxis is to have an emergency tray and oxygen supply handy when a uranine procedure is performed. It has been shown that persons with allergic sensitivities benefit from a prophylactic administration of antihistamines.
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From page 95... ...
VX is considered to be the most toxic of the nerve agents developed for chemical warfare. Course, symptoms, and relative toxicity, however, can vary considerably by exposure route and dose.
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From page 96... ...
VX differs from other nerve agents in that it does not appear to undergo aging or stabilization but does undergo spontaneous reactivation. Unlike many other organophosphates, VX also has not been shown to induce a syndrome called organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN)
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From page 97... ...
It was used in Project SHAD as a tracer for chemical and biological warfare agents because it was regarded to be a harmless dye. Very little is published about its health effects.
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From page 98... ...
No psychogenic effects of exposure to ZnCdS are reported. General reactions to perceived exposure to agents in biological and chemical warfare uses can be found in the supplement under this contract, "Psychogenic Effects of Perceived Exposure to Biochemical Warfare Agents." Secondary source literature is sparse and multiple CAS numbers and terminological variations complicate searching.
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From page 99... ...
1997. Reiew of acute human-toxicity estimates for selected chemical-warfare agents.
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