Biosocial Surveys (2008) / Chapter Skim
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14 Nutrigenomics--John Milner, Elaine B. Trujillo, Christine M. Kaefer, and Sharon Ross
14 Nutrigenomics--John Milner, Elaine B. Trujillo, Christine M. Kaefer, and Sharon Ross
Pages 278-303
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From page 278... ...
Kaefer, and Sharon Ross B elief in the preventable nature of many chronic diseases coupled with rising health care costs has propelled consumers to seek more information about the quality of their diet and how dietary change might influence their life. This increased interest in the medicinal uses of foods or their components is not a new concept but has been handed down for generations.
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From page 279... ...
. The 2003 report from a Joint World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases reviewed a large body of scientific evidence and found that up to 80 percent of coronary heart disease, 90 percent of type 2 diabetes, and one-third of cancers may be prevented by healthy eating practices, maintenance of a normal weight, and regular physical activity (Nishida, Uauy, Kumanyika, and Shetty, 2004)
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From page 280... ...
Differences in gene pool may account for population differences in the risk of developing such diseases as diabetes, heart disease, and cancers. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
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From page 281... ...
was created to support a series of genome-wide association studies designed to identify specific points of DNA variation associated with the occurrence of common diseases (http://www.genome.gov/19518664)
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From page 282... ...
There are several known VDR polymorphisms that may affect the response to various dietary components and disease risk. One particular VDR polymorphism is FokI, which results in a VDR protein that is three amino acids longer than the protein produced from individuals carrying the nonvariant F codon.
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From page 283... ...
Thus, some of the reported discrepancies in the response of blood pressure to dietary fiber may be related to interindividual genetic differences in response to different types of fiber. The response to other dietary components, such as caffeine, may also depend on specific SNPs.
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From page 284... ...
One particular PPAR, PPAR gamma, is recognized for its involvement in regulating insulin resistance and blood pressure. In individuals with a specific polymorphism in PPAR gamma, a low polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio is associated with an increase in body mass index and fasting insulin concentrations.
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From page 285... ...
Dietary components have been reported to influence DNA methylation patterns. Food components influence these events in at least four different ways (Ross, 2003)
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From page 286... ...
These types of studies also suggest that in utero exposure to dietary components may not only influence embryonic development but also have profound and long-term health consequences. DNA methylation patterns are being utilized more frequently as biomarkers in population and case-control studies to determine if differences exist between certain exposed groups or between cases and controls.
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From page 287... ...
Gene expression profiles from wild-type and Nrf2deficient mice fed sulforaphane have shown several novel downstream events and thus provide more clues about the true biological response to this food component. The up-regulation of glutathione s-transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone reductase, gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase, and epoxide hydrolase, occurring because of release of Nrf2 from its cytosolic complex, may explain the ability of sulforaphane to influence multiple processes, including those involving xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, antioxidants, and biosynthetic enzymes of the glutathione and glucuronidation conjugation pathways.
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From page 288... ...
For instance, men moving from Japan and China to the United States adopt increased risks of prostate cancer (Brawley, Knopf, and Thompson, 1998)
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From page 289... ...
Even nutrition-related factors, such as elevated plasma homocysteine, have been associated with the presence of atherosclerotic arterial disease and its progression. It is highly unlikely that one biomarker will be shown to adequately predict disease risk; therefore, several sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive biomarkers are needed to adequately assess the benefits and risks associated with consumption of specific foods and their bioactive components.
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From page 290... ...
. An interesting example concerning the relationship between dietary questionnaire data and circulating concentrations is highlighted for lycopene, a bioactive food component, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
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From page 291... ...
Although exfoliated cells from saliva were not isolated in this study, the results suggest that tea catechins were absorbed through the oral mucosa and that saliva -- a source of exfoliated cells -- may be another biological source material in which to evaluate dietary exposure of certain bioactive food components and their physiological effects. Recently serum biomarkers were examined in a randomized controlled trial using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry proteomic profiling (MALDI-TOF)
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From page 292... ...
. Many other biomarkers are beginning to emerge that might be used effectively to monitor the impact of dietary habits on growth and development, including platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor (Giovannucci, 1999; Fletcher et al., 2005)
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From page 293... ...
The complexity in understanding the biological consequences of a change in an effect marker is illustrated by studies with the isoflavone genistein, a bioactive compound found in soy and other legumes. Circulating concentrations of estradiol are strongly and positively related to bone health and breast cancer risk in women (Thomas, Gallo, and Thomas, 2004)
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From page 294... ...
brings about a positive or negative health effect, and if food components are working alone or in combination. Information coming from the Women's Health Initiative also emphasizes the need to not only understand quantities of individual food components but also the duration of their intake (Prentice et al., 2006)
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From page 295... ...
This is in no way a novel approach; it was used in preparing six consensus statements about chronic disease, yet many scientific and lay publications do not use the same criteria when showcasing information about the merits or limitations of nutrition and health studies. Ethics Although many researchers are enthusiastic about the potential to tailor public health products and services for disease prevention and treatment based on an individual's genetic profile, and many consumers are anxious to gain more personal control over their health by learning about their genetic susceptibility for various health concerns, there are risks and benefits that must be taken into consideration.
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From page 296... ...
. Regardless of the current concerns related to the accuracy of health claims made by companies marketing personalized nutrition and the manner in which these results are delivered to individuals, it is likely that the future of nutrition includes the ability to create effective individual guidance based on genetic profiles.
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From page 297... ...
In order for nutrigenomics to be applied to disease prevention and treatment, the public must be able to trust those who collect DNA for individual analysis as well as for inclusion into larger research databases, and those who will be providing them with health education based on genetic information. For example, in 1999 and 2000, the National Bioethics Advisory Committee commissioned studies on the ethical issues and policy guidance regarding research involving human biological materials.
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From page 298... ...
. The burden of chronic diseases and their risk factors: National and state perspectives.
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From page 299... ...
(2002) The ability of fish oil to suppress tumor necrosis factor a production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy men is associated with polymor phisms in genes that influence tumor necrosis factor a production.
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. Phytoestrogen exposure correlation with plasma estradiol in postmenopausal women in European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk may involve diet-gene interactions.
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From page 301... ...
. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Random ized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.
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From page 302... ...
. Diet and DNA methylation interactions in cancer prevention.
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From page 303... ...
, 637-646. World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research.
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