Foodborne Disease and Public Health Summary of an Iranian-American Workshop (2008) / Chapter Skim
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5 Potential Associations Between Foodborne and Chronic Diseases
5 Potential Associations Between Foodborne and Chronic Diseases
Pages 46-60
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From page 46... ...
Lu Wang provided a description of the National Institute of Health's Human Microbiome Project and indicated that a wealth of new information on microbiota may soon emerge. The session ended with a lively discussion focused mainly on intestinal microbiota. SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CANCER Presenter: Razieh Yazdanparast This presentation focused on the biological effects of 3-hydrogenkwadaphnin (3-HK)
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From page 47... ...
Yazdanparast showed a series of slides that demonstrated the antiproliferative activity of the plant. In one study, for example, the researchers induced breast tumors in rats, treated them with a daily dose of the crude extract, and found substantial tumor suppression.
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From page 48... ...
MOLECULAR AND GENETIC ASPECTS OF COLORECTAL CANCER Presenter: Narges Zali In her presentation, Narges Zali briefly described her research on the molecular and genetic aspects of detection of two forms of colorectal cancer: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
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From page 49... ...
The research team extracted genomic DNA from blood and tissue and ran a series of genetic tests for HNPCC, as shown in Figure 5-2. To help clarify the screening strategy, Narges Zali explained some of the terms used and showed slides illustrating the findings.
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From page 50... ...
Motlagh Motlagh provided background information about colorectal cancer in Iran, briefly described molecular events that are associated with the development of colorectal cancer, discussed the development of technology in Iran to detect the genetic mutations that lead to colorectal cancer, and suggested useful next steps. Background Information In Iran, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the fourth most common cancer among men.
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MSIs are found in the major tumors of patients with HNPCC as well as in 15 percent of sporadic colorectal cancers. Three methods exist for studying alterations of the MMR mechanism: sequencing the involved gene, detection of gene products, and MSI analysis.
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From page 52... ...
Estimate the accuracy of IHC and MSI analysis for the prediction of the MMR mutation, design a computer model for predicting the MMR mutation, conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis to identify the most suitable screening guidelines for the Iranian population, and search for the best method to distinguish familial colorectal cancer from HNPCC.
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From page 53... ...
Mai said that both the lumen material and the bacteria that attach to the epithelium are needed to study the gut microbiota, but that this situation poses challenges. For example, formalin, which is used to preserve biopsy samples, depletes the mucus layer.
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Mai's laboratory has the long-term goal of developing interventions that modify the intestinal microbiota toward a healthier composition, but he noted that he is aware that dietary factors have not yet been convincingly associated with cancer risk. Diet, Microbiota, and the Prevention of Intestinal Adenomas in ApcMin Mice Mai briefly described a study that looked at the question of whether diet might affect the gut microbiota and, in turn, affect the development of cancer in the intestinal tract.
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From page 55... ...
The full results of the study suggest that specific dietary interventions reduce intestinal carcinogenesis, that diet strongly affects the intestinal microbiota composition, that some bacteria appear to be associated with lower risk, and that diet and microbiota likely affect immune function. Mai provided detailed information to the workshop attendees by distributing his paper "Intestinal microbiota: A potential diet-responsive prevention target in ApcMin mice" (Mai et al., 2006)
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• Future studies need to test specific hypotheses rigorously. HUMAN MICROBIOME PROJECT Presenter: Lu Wang The Human Microbiome Project is a U.S.
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From page 57... ...
• Can information about an individual's microbiome be demonstrated to offer any diagnostic or therapeutic benefits? Initiatives of the Human Microbiome Project A broadly based working group of the NIH identified the following seven initiatives that the Human Microbiome Project will support: 1.
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From page 58... ...
Relationships of the Microbiota to the Development of Chronic Disease Epidemiological evidence indicates that rates of colorectal cancer are much lower in Africa and in some other parts of the developing world than they are in the industrialized countries. Mohammad Reza Zali noted that food in the developing countries tends to contain more bacteria than food in industrialized countries, which could lead the residents of developing countries to have higher numbers of bacteria in their intestinal tracts than do residents of industrialized countries.
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From page 59... ...
Clearly, the study of the intestinal microbiota is complicated by the difficulty of obtaining samples from the proximal intestine. It is not clear what effect antibiotics have on the overall composition of the microbiota over time, and the findings will depend in part on the sensitivity of the technique used.
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From page 60... ...
This subject lies within the intersection of foodborne disease, the bacteria in the intestines, and the occurrence of chronic disease. Morris said that there is a need to conduct studies in locations outside the United States in order to understand the differences that may arise in different geographic areas.
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