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Desalination A National Perspective (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Estimating Unit Costs of Water Supply Options
Pages 286-290

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From page 286...
... , the flatter the bell, and the more variable is the annual flow available for human extractive purposes. The average flow and the flow two standard deviations below the average are marked in Figure D-1.
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From page 287...
... Note that drought-year demand will often be higher than average-year demand because outdoor water use will increase when rainfall is below average or temperature is above average. 3 A water demand projection is based on many factors, such as projected growth in population and employment in the service area.
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From page 288...
... The amount of water supply greater than DN that has to be purchased from the new water source depends on two factors: the new source's standard deviation of annual yield and the correlation of annual yield with the existing supply. The higher the new source's standard deviation of annual yield, the more water that needs to be procured from the new source to ensure adequate water in a low-flow year.
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From page 289...
... The smaller advanced treatment facility is just as good as the larger surface water facility at reliably providing 2,000 AF, so a per unit premium is justified. 6 For example, laser leveling, drip or microspray irrigation, scheduling improvements, ET controllers, and adjustments in sprinkler heads to improve distribution uniformity reduce the percent of applied water that percolates or evaporates.
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From page 290...
... Average and constant-reliability benefits of surface water alternatives, assuming equal average unit costs for each example. SOURCE: Cooley et al.
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Key Terms

  • unit costs
  • average unit
  • water supply
  • standard deviations
  • annual yield

  • water source
  • outdoor conservation
  • advanced treatment
  • unit cost
  • lower tick

  • deviations below
  • treatment facility
  • conservation measures
  • normal distribution
  • annual flow

  • tick mark
  • economic picture
  • scheduling improvements
  • supplying exactly
  • expensive source

  • adjusting average
  • economic benefit
  • water conservation
  • microspray irrigation
  • water facility

  • human extractive
  • supply option
  • example assumes
  • current surface
  • perfectly countercorrelated


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