Diet and Health Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk (1989) / Chapter Skim
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18 Dietary Supplements
18 Dietary Supplements
Pages 509-526
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From page 509... ...
The use of dietary supplements is probably fostered by their wide availability, aggressive marketing, and media reports on studies suggesting that supplements may help to prevent or treat common health problems (Gussow and Thomas, 19~36; McDonald, 19~36~. Sales of dietary supplements increased sixfold in 15 years from $500 million in 1972 (Anonymous, 1981)
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From page 510... ...
favored the broad-spectrum, multinutrient products (Levy and Schucker, 1987~. Compared to light and moderate users of dietary supplements, heavy and very heavy users were more likely tO shop in health food stores, buy supplements through the mail, read specialized health literature, believe they had personal control over their health, engage in daily exercise, avoid involving their physicians in their decisions about supplements, and perceive specific rather than general health benefits from their supplements.
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From page 511... ...
over the past several decades demonstrate that many elderly people in the United States consume dietary supplements. In addition, the data indicate, as might be expected, that the elderly often take supplements to fee!
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From page 512... ...
Among new medical students at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, more than 60% said they "regularly," "usually," or "sometimes" took dietary supplements (Sobal and Muncie, 1985~. Several studies indicate that physicians exert the most influence on the public (their patients)
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From page 513... ...
NUTRIENT ADEQUACY AND SUPPLEMENT USE The above review of survey data and other studies indicate that dietary supplementation is usually related to subjective perceptions of health, well-being, and balanced diets and to beliefs about food, vitamins, and minerals (Worsley, 1986~. But by more objective measures, are supplements being used appropriately' The effect of supplementation on nutria tional status has occasionally been compared among users and nonusers by measuring dietary intake and biological indices.
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From page 514... ...
However, there are relatively few controlled studies concerning the ejects of dietary supplements on the risk of specific chronic diseases. Therefore, very little is known about the health effects of chronic use of highpotency dietary supplements (Miller, 1987b)
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From page 515... ...
In general, they show a slowing of cortical but not trabecular bone loss. All studies in which estrogen treatment was also used show that calcium supplementation is inferior to estrogen in slowing cortical bone loss and that estrogen completely prevents trabecular bone loss (Cane et al., 1980; Ettinger et al., 1987; Horsman et al., 1977; Lamke et al., 1978; Nilas et al., 1984; Recker and Heaney, 1985; Recker et al., 1977; Riis et al., 1987; Smith et al., 1981~.
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From page 516... ...
In addition, those reports rarely relate intake of the supplement to the levels of nutrients in a personas diet. It is difficult to determine the levels at which nutrient toxicities are likely to occur.
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From page 517... ...
In 1986, the FDA and the American Dietetic Association asked physicians nationwide to docu ment their patients' use of dietary supplements, as is currently done with drugs, and to report any harmful effects to FDA's Adverse Reaction Monitoring System. FDA plans to use such data to determine the extent tO which these products pose risks to health and to determine the most effective course of action (ADA, 1986; Miller, 1987b)
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From page 518... ...
or Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESAADDI)
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From page 519... ...
Professional medical and nutrition societies agree that healthy people can and should obtain essential nutrients by eating a wide variety of foods. The following statement was issued jointly by the American Dietetic Association, American Institute of Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, and the National Council Against Health Fraud (ADA, 1987~: Healthy children and adults should obtain adequate nutrient intakes from dietary sources.
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From page 520... ...
essentially agree with this statement. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that dietary supplements are not necessary for properly nourished and healthy children (AAP, 1980)
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From page 521... ...
1987. Vitamin preparations as dietary supplements and as therapeutic agents.
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From page 522... ...
1987. Comparison of dietary intakes and iron status of vitamin-mineral supplement users and nonusers, aged 1-19 years.
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From page 523... ...
1984. Calcium supplementation and postmenopausal bone loss.
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From page 524... ...
1983. Effect of inorganic chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin response, and serum lipids in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.
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From page 525... ...
1986. Health, wellbeing and dietary supplementation.
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