Diet and Health Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk (1989) / Chapter Skim
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22 Cancer
22 Cancer
Pages 593-614
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From page 593... ...
Such estimates are based on a combination of evidence regarding established relationships between dietary factors and cancer risk, the dramatic shifts in site-specific cancer rates among migrants to the United States, secular trends in cancer for which a dietary etiology is likely, supportive evidence from animal experiments, and lack of more persuasive altemative hypotheses.
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From page 594... ...
In correlation studies conducted in different parts of the world, investigators have found positive associations between esophageal cancer and several dietary factors, including (1) low intakes of lentils, green vegetables, fresh fruits, animal protein, vitamins A and C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, magnesium, calcium, zinc, and molybdenum; (2)
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From page 595... ...
Two other major dietary components protein and calorie~have been positively associated with colorectal cancer risk in some studies (Armstrong and Doll, 1975; Carroll and Khor, 1975; Gregor et al., 1969; fain et al., 1980; Kune et al., 1987; Lyon et al., 1987; Macquart-Moulin et al., 1986; Potter and McMichael, 1986; Thind, 1986) but not in all (Bingham et al., 1979; Intemational Agency for Research on Cancer Intestinal Microecology Group, 1977; Jensen et al., 1982; Tuyns et al., 1987)
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From page 596... ...
Colorectal cancer risk may be increased by the consumption of alcoholic beverages, especially beer. Liver Cancer Primary liver cancer is relatively rare in the United States and most Western countries, but it is common in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, where it Is associated primarily with exposure to hepatitis B virus infection in early life and with consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins.
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From page 597... ...
, several of which have been shown to interact synergistically with smoking (Fraumeni, 1975~. In females, cigarette smoking appears to be the only major contributor tO lung cancer incidence in most Western countries.
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From page 598... ...
Correlation studies provide evidence of a direct association between breast cancer mortality and the intake of calories, fats, and specific sources of dietary fats, such as milk and beef (Armstrong and Doll, 1975; Carroll and Khor, 1975; Gaskill et al., 1979~. Some studies show an inverse correlation between the intake of carbohydrates or fiber and the risk of breast cancer (Adelcreutz et al., 1982; Lubin et al., 19861.
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From page 599... ...
In summary, bladder cancer risk is clearly related to the use of cigarettes and tO certain occupational exposures, such as benzidine and ,B-naphthyIamine. Its relationship to dietary factors is less clear.
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From page 600... ...
Polyunsaturated vegetable oils promote tumorigenesis more effectively than saturated fats, apparently because of a requirement for m-6 essential fatty acids, but a high level of dietary fats is also required for maximum effect (Ip, 1987~. Fish oils, whose polyunsaturated fatty acids belong mainly to the m-3 family, do not promote and may inhibit tumorigenesis at high levels of intake.
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From page 601... ...
. The fact that high-fat diets promote carcinogenesis in animals more effectively than low-fat diets supports the positive correlation between dietary fats and cancer incidence and mortality shown by epidemiologic data for different countries (Arrnstrong and Doll, 197i; Carroll and Khor, 1975)
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From page 602... ...
Fiber The role of dietary fiber has been investigated in animals primarily in relation to colon cancer. The original hypothesis was that dietary fiber inhibits colon carcinogenesis by adsorption or dilution of potential carcinogens or promoters in tne colon or by decreasing colonic transit time, thereby reducing the length of exposure.
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From page 603... ...
also reported that supplemental calcium or vitamin D3 inhibits the promotion by dietary fats of intestinal cancer induced in rats by I,2-dimethy~hydrazine. Furthermore, there is evidence that dietary calcium can reduce the yield of mammary tumors induced in rats by DMBA (Ja cobson et al., 1987~.
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From page 604... ...
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract have been positively associated in epidemiologic studies with a variety of dietary exposures, e.g., esophageal cancer with alcohol consumption (particularly combined with tobacco use) , stomach cancer with a high intake of foods preserved with salt, colorectal cancer with dietary fats and alcoholic beverages (particularly beer)
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From page 605... ...
Such information will be necessary if the public is to be given more precise dietary recommendations than are currently possible. · Mechanisms of Action Mechanisms of action for most dietary factors that affect cancer risk in humans are not completely understood.
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From page 606... ...
1987. Diet and lung cancer risk: findings from the Westem New York Diet Study.
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1984. Alcoholic beverage consumption and breast cancer incidence.
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1983. Dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk in a multiethnic population in Hawaii.
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1977. Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates.
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1919. Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer.
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1985. Lung cancer risk and vitamin A consumption in New Mexico.
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1987. Association of dietary fat and lung cancer.
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From page 613... ...
used per unit area and stomach cancer mortality rates. Experientia 33:260265.
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