Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications (2009) / Chapter Skim
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7 Neuroscience Technology Opportunities
7 Neuroscience Technology Opportunities
Pages 74-92
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From page 74... ...
The concluding section presents the tion is vital, because it is not immediately clear, for example, committee's priorities -- "high priority," "priority," and "pos- whether miniaturized signal processing technology will open sible future opportunities" -- for Army investment. additional opportunities to use laboratory devices currently A section on technology trends discusses several trends considered impractical.
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From page 75... ...
technologies, remote physiological monitoring to must be considered from the outset to ensure successful extend performance in combat, and optimization of sensorintegration of a neuroscience technology with the soldier's shooter responses under cognitive stress. BMI technology existing equipment load.
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From page 76... ...
; • Heartbeat, including rate and interbeat interval; One area of neuroscience technology that has received • Eye movements, including response times, gaze much attention in the mainstream media is the development latency, and stability; and use of EEG-based brain–computer interfaces. These • Pupilometry; i nterface systems have potential operational use in areas such • Low-channel-count electroencephalography (EEG)
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From page 77... ...
devices are therefore interesting as control interfaces to aug- costing tens of thousands of dollars, to smaller, personalment the number of devices a single soldier can control, but computer-based, electromechanical force feedback systems they probably do not qualify as a neuroscience technology (e.g., Novint's Falcon) that retail for a few hundred dollars.
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From page 78... ...
. latencies involved in spatial transformations and rotations can Potentially useful Army applications include adaptation of lead to a condition often called "simulator sickness" (Shepard commercially available spatial audio headsets and speaker and Metzler, 1971; Shepard and Cooper, 1982)
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From page 79... ...
, which formally ended in FY 2006, sought neural state, ruggedization of instruments for use in field to augment human information-processing capabilities environments, and advancement of associated signalthrough the design of interfaces incorporating neuroscience processing efforts. Without advances in these areas, the technologies that enable the interface to adapt in real time laudable information workload management techniques of to the stress state of the user.
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From page 80... ...
If the roadside litter in a field new lightweight, portable technologies that take the place of of view has also changed during the same time interval, how- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magneto ever, detection may be markedly degraded.
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From page 81... ...
enabling technologies will be deployed with soldiers on a The first conceptual issue surrounding the processing of limited basis, or used in training, simulations, or laboratory signals is our limited understanding, for each of the invasive environments. Some of the mission-enabling technology modalities, of what information the signals are providing described in the previous section will also find uses in the about neural activity in a specific brain region and the relaresearch environment.
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From page 82... ...
Studies that combine All of the popular noninvasive methods for measuring EEG and invasive electrophysiological recordings in specific neural states in humans have unanswered questions conbrain regions will be required to answer these questions. cerning their underlying neurophysiology.
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From page 83... ...
These areas are likely to require technology would allow basic research into neural function Army investment to achieve sufficient understanding to in more naturalistic environments. Pioneering research in this adapt results from laboratory environments to the field.
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From page 84... ...
Further development of these techniques over the next 10-20 years will lead to portable systems to take advantage of results of basic brain research in the intervening Transferring Laboratory Neuroimaging Technologies to years. Measuring neuronal firing in the field is a long-term Field Applications in the Far Term goal no matter if it will be achieved with a few sensors or with The gold standard in functional neuroimaging is currently a several-hundred-channel electrical imaging system.
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From page 85... ...
Making this technology available information in real time. Although this technology cannot in-vehicle is achievable in the medium term.
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From page 86... ...
successful, the prosthetics for an upper limb, which has These direct connections are able to capture and generate over 20 degrees of freedom, are a much greater challenge. individual neuronal currents, as well as monitor or induce Current versions of upper limb prosthetics, which use coherent neural activity at much greater signal-to-noise electromyography activity to control the limb, have limited r atio than noninvasive technology.
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From page 87... ...
that is, not medically indicated -- purposes, multimodal f usion of neural imagery and physiological data, new types Scientific and Technical Barriers to of averaging in fMRI, database aggregation and translation Neuroscience Technologies for meta-analyses, and default mode networks. Chapter 2 discussed ethical and legal barriers to neuro science research and development.
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From page 88... ...
. Site-specific possible to understand in greater detail the functional and delivery can now be controlled more precisely by targeted anatomical significance of specific brain regions.
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From page 89... ...
Technology Opportunity ME RE Time Framea Commercial Academic Field-deployable biomarkers of neural state x x Ongoing L M In-helmet EEG for brain–machine interface x x Medium term M L Signal processing and multimodal data fusion, including imaging x x Ongoing M H modalities such as MRI, fMRI, DTI, DSI, PET, and MEG and physiological measures such as heartbeat, interbeat intervals, GSR, optical computer recognition, eye tracking, and pupilometry Soldier models and biomarkers for sleep x Ongoing M M Vertical fMRI x Medium term L L Fatigue prediction models x Medium term L M Behavioral measures of fatigue x Medium term M L Prospective biomarkers for predictive measures of soldier response to x x Medium term L L environmental stress, including hypoxic and thermal challenges NIRS/DOT x x Medium term L L Biomedical standards and models for head impact protection, including x x Medium term M M torso protection from blast Threat assessment augmentation x Medium term M M fMRI paradigms of military interest x Ongoing L M NOTE: ME, mission-enabling; RE, research-enabling; L/M/H, low, medium, or high; EEG, electroencephalography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; DTI, diffuse tensor imaging; DSI, diffusion spectrum imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; MEG, magnetoencephalography; NIRS, near-infrared spectroscopy; DOT, diffuse optical tomography; GSR, galvanic skin response. aIn this column, "medium term" means between 5 and 10 years and "ongoing" means that results will be available within 5 years, but continuing investment is recommended to stay at the forefront of the technology.
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From page 90... ...
Technology Opportunity ME RE Time Framea Commercial Academic Haptic feedback with VR x Medium term H L Augmented reality (virtual overlay onto real world) x x Medium term H H In-helmet EEG for cognitive state detection and threat assessment x x Medium term L M Information workload management x Far term L M Time-locked, in-magnet VR and monitoring for fMRI x Medium term L M Immersive, in-magnet virtual reality x Near term L M EEG physiology x x Far term L H Uses of TMS for attention enhancement x Medium term L M In-vehicle TMS deployment x Far term L L Heartbeat variability x x Near and medium term L H Galvanic skin response x x Near and medium term H L NOTE: ME, mission-enabling; RE, research-enabling; L/M/H, low, medium, or high; VR, virtual reality; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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From page 91... ...
The Current Investment nisms for interacting with the academic and commercial column lists the source, academic sector or commercial, and communities engaged in relevant areas of research and techthe level of funding being brought to bear on the particular nology development, to monitor progress and decide when technology in its envisioned Army application. Commercial future advances in neuroscience technology developments investment comprises large investments by industry in for- would merit Army investment.
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From page 92... ...
2002. Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience Nature.
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