Promoting Chemical Laboratory Safety and Security in Developing Countries (2010) / Chapter Skim
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1 Current Patterns of Procurement, Use, and Distribution of Chemicals in Developing Countries
1 Current Patterns of Procurement, Use, and Distribution of Chemicals in Developing Countries
Pages 17-26
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From page 17... ...
to the United States, then to a distributor in Europe, and finally to a developing country such as the Philippines. At the same time, some chemicals are also directly imported by developing countries from places such as Europe, China, and Japan.
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Characteristics of the global chemistry business are presented in this chapter to provide context for understanding chemical laboratory safety and security practices in developing countries. Safety and security practices are intended to help laboratories carry out their primary functions efficiently, safely, and securely, but improving safety and security is often seen as inhibitory rather than enabling.
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There is also little publicly available information on the volume and distribution of chemicals used by academic and research laboratories, especially those in developing countries. The analysis of supply and distribution to academic laboratories in particular is therefore supplemented by a bibliometric analysis of current chemical literature.
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accounted for 56 percent of the gain in the period.7 In comparison, the United States accounted for only 6 percent of the gain. The shift to the Asia-Pacific region is attributed largely to China's increasing share of global chemicals production.8 According to the World Bank, developing countries are characterized as having low- to lower-middle-income economic status,9 but they can vary widely in socioeconomic standards and implementation of the rule of law, and they are neither major consumers nor producers of chemicals in global terms.
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Important developing-country producers include India, China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.10 The production of agricultural chemicals is a focus of the chemical industry in developing countries. These countries accounted for 5 percent of total world nitrogenous fertilizer production in 2002.
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example, has two-thirds of the world's reserve of phosphate rock and is a leading producer of phosphoric acid.12 CHEMICAL DISTRIBuTION geographic Distribution Patterns of distribution and customer identification are difficult to obtain from public information. The information used in this chapter comes primarily from the Cefic: European Chemical Industry Council and ACC reports.
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As distinct from distributors, suppliers also have a global presence. Sigma-Aldrich for example has over 7,900 employees in 37 countries and reported distribution of its total sales as 43 percent in Europe, 35 percent in the United States, and 20 percent in Canada, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America combined.14 There are also confirmed reports that Sigma-Aldrich chemicals have reached Morocco, possibly through resellers.
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, local distributors and middlemen have the ultimate responsibility for customer screening.18,19 At the same time, middlemen may skirt laws, have control over the market prices, hoard or adulterate chemicals, and carry out other malpractices. The problem, especially in developing countries, is that distributors cannot ensure that their customers will not resell the purchased chemicals.
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the Philippines replaces chemical labels, using generic names to avoid regulations on end-user certificates and Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) , and sells the products to the general public.
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, respectively, dealt with COCs. One of the articles from Pakistan used trinitrotoluene, and many articles involved heavy metals and some pesticides, although most of the chemicals written about were common organic solvents such as acetone, listed in Table D-5, "Chemicals Used in Clandestine Production of Illicit Drugs," in Appendix D
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