Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (2010) / Chapter Skim
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5 Strategies for Implementing Plans for Mitigation of Huanglongbing and Other Problems in Citrus Production
5 Strategies for Implementing Plans for Mitigation of Huanglongbing and Other Problems in Citrus Production
Pages 127-142
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From page 127... ...
The Florida citrus industry is necessarily fragmented because it consists of dedicated fruit producers who operate independently. The producers do not have a captive R&D function, per se.
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From page 128... ...
Achieving Agreement in Support of Implementing Plans It is generally agreed that a concerted effort must be made to reduce the impact of HLB in the near- and intermediate-term, and there is general acceptance of three parts to current HLB mitigation efforts (Brlansky et al., 2009) , as discussed in previous chapters: use only nursery stock that is free of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)
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From page 129... ...
However, at Southern Gardens, the first and originally the most seriously affected plantation, that practice continues to be effective. In their experience, even with a rigorous tree removal and psyllid control program, HLB incidence initially rises due to the long latent period of the disease.
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From page 130... ...
ACCELERATING PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION: GRANTS VS. CONTRACT PRIZES AND ALTERNATIVES Alternative Models for Support of HLB Research The Florida citrus industry has correctly identified research as the vehicle to deal with HLB.
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From page 131... ...
The Florida citrus industry is an excellent example of this latter circumstance. Individual growers contribute to research grants via an allocation process, in this instance tied to a "box tax" (RGG, 2009; USDA-CSREES, 2009)
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From page 132... ...
Described simply, inducement prizes are created by an announcement to the public in the form of a detailed description of the problem to be solved, a specification of what constitutes a solution and usually a deadline for submission of proposed solutions. A team of judges selects which solution, if any, merits awarding of the prize.
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From page 133... ...
. Currently offered inducement prizes carry substantial awards.
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From page 134... ...
is an exclusionary right. That is, the owner of a valid patent secures for the statutory lifetime of the patent the right to keep others from making, selling, or distributing the specifically defined inventive subject matter, known as the "claims", of the granted patent.
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From page 135... ...
All of these factors represent financial and opportunity risk for the manufacturer. Absent patent protection, owned or licensed, which keeps fast followers from simply copying successful innovations, companies would have few incentives to invest in the risky, costly and time consuming commercialization process.
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From page 136... ...
The US patent law requires that the inventor must file a patent application no later than one year after a public disclosure of the invention. European law and most of the rest of the world requires an application be filed in their jurisdiction before a public disclosure of the invention2.
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From page 137... ...
Nevertheless, it is important that each funding source is aware of the role that patents play in the search for solutions to the HLB scourge and for each funding source to articulate patent strategies for their grant awardees that will preserve commercialization incentives. Regulatory Approval With transgenic citrus development as one of the research areas currently being funded by the citrus industry, it is imperative that IP and regulatory approval issues are considered by the industry early on.
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From page 138... ...
has recommended, some of which may have already been taken up by the citrus industry: • Adopting a translational research philosophy • Identifying partnerships that can integrate complementary technologies • Establishing an IP policy for HLB research • Establishing relationships with regulatory agencies Preparing for HLB Management Based on Genetically Modified Citrus As has been noted previously at several points in this report, the development of CLas-and ACP-resistant citrus varieties, or citrus rootstock that confers resistance on the scion, presents the greatest hope for a viable long-term solution to the HLB problem. At this time, there is no obvious path to achieving this goal by conventional citrus breeding.
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From page 139... ...
What may be helpful is that the consumers of Florida orange juice almost all reside in the US, possibly the industrialized country that has been the most accepting of transgenic crop products. Although transgenic versions of minor crop species have been created no genetically engineered minor crop plant, other than squash and papaya, has been deregulated for commercial production.
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From page 140... ...
Tree loss and production yield decline are expected to be gradual, the actual rates being dependent on the aggressiveness with which current HLB management methods are applied. A key presumption is that, in the absence of newly developed and more effective management tools, Florida citrus will not disappear but will shrink to a fraction of its present size.
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From page 141... ...
Citrus canker and HLB are both diseases that have been introduced in recent years and are currently affecting the industry, but other diseases occur elsewhere that could be potentially damaging to Florida citrus. Diseases such as citrus variegated chlorosis (Hartung et al., 1994)
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From page 142... ...
In addition, if the program is sponsoring transgenic research it should explicitly integrate an assessment of the "downstream" IP and regulatory issues at the outset of each project and invest in the expertise and strategies that will facilitate the deployment of successful research targets. A measure of progress should include early progress in adopting a translational research philosophy and in establishing processes of information sharing and accountability in terms of timelines and progress towards research deliverables.
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