Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix K: Huanglongbing Research Milestones (1956–2009)
Appendix K: Huanglongbing Research Milestones (1956–2009)
Pages 271-304
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Agricultural Science 8:253-276; 297-298 1967 Transmission of HLB by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) was Martinez and Wallace Plant Disease Reporter 51:692 demonstrated.
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Catling Journal of Entomology Society 1969 HLB in Africa was found to be heat-sensitive and occurs only in South Africa 32:209-223; areas below 30-32°C.Trioza erytreae, the African psyllid vector, was also found to thrive only in cool environments. 1970 "Mycoplasma-like organism" observed in citrus phloem tissue Laflèche and Bové Comptes Rendus de infected with HLB through electron microscopy.
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Tanaka and Doi International Citrus Congress, Murcia-Valencia, pp. 352-353 1973 HLB bacterium seen in T
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However, the INSERM 33: 89-96 presence of peptidoglycan, a characteristic component of the bacterial cell wall, could not be demonstrated. 1976 The African citrus psyllid vector, Trioza erytreae, is not only vector Massonié, Garnier, and Proceedings of 7th Conference of the African HLB bacterium, but can also transmit the Asian HLB Bové (1976)
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1986 The ACP vector, Diaphorina citri, is not only vector of the Asian Lallemand, Fos, and Bové Fruits 41: 341-343 HLB bacterium, but can also transmit the African HLB bacterium. Since Trioza erytreae can also transmit the two bacteria (see: Massonié et al., 1976)
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In 2.6, used as a hybridization probe, detected all Asian HLB strains but not the South African strain. 1993 Monoclonal antibodies specific for HLB bacteria were produced.
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Publication/Journal or Author(s) 1996 First PCR detection of the Asian and African liberibacters by Jagoueix, Bove, and Molecular and Cellular Probes amplification of 16S rDNA.
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Publication/Journal 278 or Author(s) Proceedings of 14th 2000 The Asian psyllid vector of HLB, Diaphorina citri, was captured for Bové et al.
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Plant Pathology 53(1) :96-102 the Asian citrus psyllid vector but it is not transovarially transmitted.
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Plant Disease 89: 107; 2005 Discovery and first report of a new liberibacter species associated International Journal of with HLB in São Paulo State, Brazil: Candidatus Liberibacter Systematic and Evolutionary americanus. The new liberibacter was also detected in Diaphorina Microbiology 55: 1857-1862; citri, suggesting that the Asian psyllid vector in Brazil was Proceedings of 16th transmitting not only CLas, but also CLam.
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Plant Disease 89(7) :705-711 2005 Detection of HLB pathogen through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
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Publication/Journal 282 or Author(s) 2006 The first extensive review on HLB following arrival of the disease Bové Journal of Plant Pathology 88: in America was published.
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It was found, based on Taylor's power law coefficients, that over all sample weeks, flush shoots were randomly distributed within the young grapefruit trees and only weakly aggregated within the block of mature orange trees. Projections indicated that a sampling plan of 40 trees (one sample per tree)
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FCPRAC; Plant Disease Murraya paniculata to citrus.
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Dec. 1-5 , Orlando, FL 2008 It was determined that the HLB bacterium may be translocated into Bowman Manuscript submitted for the external parts of the embryo during seed development but this publication; FCPRAC Annual infection typically disappears during early growth and thus unlikely Report 2008 to result in seedlings that have HLB disease symptoms or that can serve as sources of inoculum.
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Publication/Journal 286 or Author(s) Dawson FCPRAC Annual Report 2008 2008 A transient-expression vector based on Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)
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with HLB over a year ago, remain RT-PCR negative with no symptoms, while the grafted HLB inoculum budsticks remain RT-PCR positive; this encouraging result suggests that LIMA may provide resistance or at least substantially delay disease. 2008 Development of promoters that will prevent expression of foreign Gurley FCPRAC Annual Report 2008 genes in fruit; demonstrated the feasibility of engineering zinc finger-based proteins to regulate the expression (up to 77% inhibition)
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and an alkane degrading bacterium, Alkanindiges. These data provide evidence that Asian citrus psyllids are supported by a rich bacterial fauna of many endosymbiotic and gut fauna bacteria of various types, all of which have important interactions between each other and may interact with CLas when it occurs in psyllids.
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Keyhani FCPRAC Annual Report 2008 Li et al. Plant Disease 92(6)
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:1184-1191 2008 The external morphology of the antennal sensilla of male and female psyllids were examined using scanning electron microscopy and the putative functions of the identified sensilla were determined using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Qureshi and Stansly Pest Management Science 2008 Aldicarb application (5.6 kg/ha)
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Stelinski Unpublished; FCPRAC Annual 2008 This study provided 1) direct proof that unmanaged citrus groves Report 2008 serve as reservoirs of psyllids that infest nearby commercial groves; and 2)
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Molecular and Cellular Probes 2008 Occurrence of CLam was examined in 822 leaf samples from a 22: 139-150. single HLB- affected sweet orange tree by two conventional PCR techniques and a newly developed real time (RTi)
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Year(s) Milestone Principal Investigator(s)
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:50-57 2009 Microarray analysis indicated that HLB infection significantly affected the expression of 624 genes whose encoded proteins fell into the following categories: sugar metabolism, plant defense, phytohormone, cell wall metabolism and 14 other categories. Anatomical examination indicated that HLB bacterium infection caused phloem disruption, sucrose accumulation, and plugged sieve pores.
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Average bacterial titers in field trees were 6.67 log cells per gram of leaf midrib for CLas and 5.74 for CLam. The titer of CLas in field trees being higher than that of CLam, transmission of the former by the psyllid vector might be more efficient than that of the latter and explain why newly infected trees are more frequently infected with CLas than with CLam.
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FCPRAC Annual Report 2008; cues in orientation to host plants which indicates the possibility of Environmental Entomology using plant volatiles to monitor and manage ACP.
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FCPRAC 2009 Progress Reports Brlansky FCPRAC Progress Report 2009 Results from this study indicate that D citri which complete their (January, 2009)
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:1346 1354 Dawson FCPRAC Progress Report 2009 DNA from highly infected citrus was sequenced. To date, we have (January, 2009)
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have been identified and cloned, and several have already been engineered into transgenic plants, and are being tested against HLB and canker. Gmitter FCPRAC Progress Report 2009 A sweet orange genome "re-sequencing project", using next-gen (January, 2009)
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Results from these experiments show that this strain is ideally suited for mass rearing and release into Florida as a biological control agent. 2009 In this study, it was noted that fall and winter appear to be time Hall FCPRAC Progress Report periods when percentages of infected psyllids may be consistently (January, 2009)
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Cell morphology of the various lines remains heterogeneous with some cells forming large clumps before spreading in the tissue culture flasks and whereas others remain in suspension. Moore FCPRAC Progress Report 2009 Completion of assembly and annotation of all the Rutaceae (January, 2009)
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2009 In this study, it was noted that certain micro- and macro-element Spann FCPRAC Progress Report levels are significantly changed in greening infected trees. Data (January, 2009)
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2009 CLas was found to be present in bark tissue, leaf midrib, roots and Wang FCPRAC Progress Report different floral and fruit parts but not in the endosperm and embryo (January, 2009) ; see also of infected fruit.
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Collapse of sieve tubes and companion cells were also observed in HLB infected midribs but not in healthy midribs. TEM observations also indicated that the HLB bacterium can pass through the sieve plate pore, which suggests that it is unlikely that the HLB bacterium physically caused phloem blockage because multiple bacterial cells were not aggregating.
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