Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (2010) / Chapter Skim
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4 Recommendations on Organizational Changes, Technology Development, and Systems Approaches for Minimizing the Impacts of Huanglongbing and Other Diseases and Pests in Florida Citrus
4 Recommendations on Organizational Changes, Technology Development, and Systems Approaches for Minimizing the Impacts of Huanglongbing and Other Diseases and Pests in Florida Citrus
Pages 93-126
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From page 93... ...
In the context of this report, a near-term project is defined as having the potential to generate proof-of-principle or to demonstrate HLB mitigation in a period of 2 years or less. Intermediateterm and long-term projects are those with the potential to provide significant results in a time frame of 2–5 years and of more than 5 years, respectively.
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From page 94... ...
Recommendation O-1 Create "Citrus Health Management Areas" in Florida to facilitate mitigation of HLB and other threats to citrus production. Citrus production should be preserved against the immediate threat of HLB if efforts to achieve long-term and sustainable management are to have any value.
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From page 95... ...
insecticide applications and infected tree identification and removal) could come through grower taxes or possibly from government sources and be administered by the Florida Citrus Production Research Advisory Council (FCPRAC)
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From page 96... ...
A competitive grants program should be maintained as the primary tool for enabling individual investigators to take up new approaches to HLB mitigation. However, greater coordination of projects and project funding will be beneficial, particularly as projects advance to the phase of field testing and intellectual property issues arise.
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From page 97... ...
cost-benefit analysis for different areas of Florida for current practices of HLB orchard inspection and tree removal; (b) anticipated research costs and potential impacts of new technological approaches to HLB mitigation and new methods for orchard inspection; and (c)
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From page 98... ...
To the extent possible, recommendations for HLB mitigation, through inoculum removal and ACP management, should be agreed upon among researchers and extension agents and implemented uniformly in the Citrus Health Management Areas (Recommendation O-1)
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From page 99... ...
Recommendation NI-7 is also focused on ACP suppression, but will be scientifically challenging to achieve. Recommendations NI-4, NI-5, NI-6, and NI-8 through NI-11 are directed at making the investments that may generate useful novel concepts for HLB mitigation.
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From page 100... ...
Approaches recommended here, applied in concert, will support Recommendation O-1, which advocates creation of Citrus Health Management Areas in Florida to facilitate mitigation of HLB and other threats to citrus production. The suppression of ACP populations by insecticide application will be a necessary part of HLB mitigation for the foreseeable future; e.g., until sources of inoculum can be drastically reduced (Recommendations NI-2 and NI-3)
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From page 101... ...
One of the advantages of the proposed Citrus Health Management Areas (Recommendation O-1) is that they can focus on minimizing development of insecticide-resistant ACP.
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From page 102... ...
For example, how efficient can asymptomatic infected trees be for CLas acquisition by ACP? Orchard test plots including such trees (Recommendation NI-3)
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From page 103... ...
Examples of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: There are several currently funded projects that address insecticidal practices for ACP. These include at least two projects investigating ultra-low volume techniques for applying foliar insecticides over
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From page 104... ...
Therefore, the ability to detect CLas infections at reasonable cost in asymptomatic trees could have a revolutionary effect on HLB mitigation practice and effectiveness, especially, but not only, in areas of low HLB incidence with large plantings of citrus that are away from urban areas or poorly maintained/abandoned groves. ACP suppression efforts might be relaxed to some extent if CLas reservoirs could be more effectively eliminated.
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From page 105... ...
. Whether any pre-symptomatic biomarker spreads uniformly or to specific locations in citrus trees is not known but can be readily investigated.
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From page 106... ...
Although experiments with greenhouse-grown citrus trees suggest that biomarkers of asymptomatic CLas infection have been observed, orchard citrus trees are very large compared to experimental greenhouse specimens and are subject to a greater range of biotic and abiotic stress, so biomarkers discovered in greenhouse experiments may not be relevant to orchard conditions. Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: Research projects in which gene expression, protein accumulation, or metabolite composition are compared for CLas-infected and non-infected citrus are in progress.
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From page 107... ...
Establish citrus orchard test plots that include CLas-infected but asymptomatic trees, as well as symptomatic trees, for evaluation of new scouting methods and therapeutics. The establishment of test plots is intended to provide a systematic approach for realistic evaluations of methods for early detection of CLas-infected trees, as described in Recommendation NI-2, and for evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic treatments.
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From page 108... ...
Detection of CLas-infected asymptomatic trees should be by certified methods and be subject to review by state or federal authority because the specification of "infected" could be subject to contention, especially where an inducement prize is at stake. Time to outcome: Establishing HLB reference citrus orchard plots should be initiated as soon as possible because there is a critical need for surveillance technology capable of more rapidly and efficiently detecting symptomatic trees than current scouting practices allow, and facile detection of infected but asymptomatic trees would revolutionize HLB mitigation practices.
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From page 109... ...
. In 2007, a 1.2X-coverage genome sequence of sweet orange was released by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (Talon and Gmitter, Jr., 2008)
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From page 110... ...
Time to outcome: Finalizing the citrus genome is a high priority for research with significant benefits to the citrus industry; an aggressive short term strategy should be put in place as soon as possible to complete the sweet orange genome in less than 2 years. Other sections of this report containing related information: Chapter 3, pp.
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From page 111... ...
Examples of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: A Rapid Screening Process for Chemical Control of Huanglongbing is a project being conducted by C Powell, University of Florida.
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From page 112... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: Several research groups are investigating various CLas genes for gene products that may be susceptible to interdiction by chemical or genetic approaches. Suggested support mechanism: A peer-review-based competitive grants program would be the best mechanism for identifying projects likely to advance mitigation of HLB.
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From page 113... ...
Develop alternative ACP management strategies. As is widely recognized, thus far only the application of conventional insecticides has succeeded in reducing ACP populations to the point that HLB mitigation is demonstrated.
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From page 114... ...
Examples of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: There are many currently funded projects exploring alternative management practices for ACP. These include three projects using RNAi (which are likely to be long term to application)
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From page 115... ...
. Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: Plantings were made in 2006 at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center comparing tree densities of 545, 198, and 151 per acre, with early and late oranges on different rootstocks.
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From page 116... ...
Other sections of this report containing related information: Chapter 2, p. 26–27 (landscape management)
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From page 117... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: Three currently supported HLB research projects are aimed at identifying sensitive target sequences and administering dsRNA to a psyllid for the purpose of showing detrimental changes in phenotype. One of these projects is developing a method that will allow many different RNA sequences to be tested by a transient expression approach, which could uncover target sequences for which ACP would show a strong sensitivity, reducing the need for high level dsRNA accumulation in the transgenic plant.
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From page 118... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: There are at least five currently funded projects aimed at culturing CLas, taking different approaches but usually attempting to mimic conditions of plant phloem or the insect body. Examples of possible future research projects: It is possible that variations on the approaches that have given limited increase of CLas in vitro could provide a starting point to which many variations could be applied with the goal of supporting unlimited increase of CLas in culture.
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From page 119... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: A psyllid genomics consortium (http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm? personid=11768)
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From page 120... ...
should be a priority. The genome sequence, when combined with high-throughput SNP genotyping and other additional information, can facilitate improvement of Florida citrus varieties.
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From page 121... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: In 2008– 09, about $2.1 million dollars were invested in citrus research focused on transgenic and viral/bacterial vector mediation of citrus resistance to HLB. See projects listed in Appendix J, transgenic and viral/bacterial vector mediation of citrus resistance to HLB.
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From page 122... ...
Suggested support mechanism: It is clear that research in genetic engineering of citrus has a long horizon and will require a multi-disciplinary team approach with funding to laboratories working on the evaluation of resistance gene strategies, developing efficient transformation protocols, field-testing transgenic trees, developing regulatory information and ensuring intellectual property freedom-to-operate. To ensure coordination of these activities, there should be a funding program with a guidance board dedicated to identifying and funding a consortium of laboratories to quickly advance the development and deployment of transgenic citrus trees.
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From page 123... ...
Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: Current HLB projects include four on SAR (Graham, Lu, Rouse, and Stansly) and one on screening compounds for anti-CLas activity (Powell)
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From page 124... ...
Disfavoring rationale: Translating results from research on ACP behavioral ecology into ACP management and HLB mitigation, including the construction of an appropriate mathematical model, will be difficult and likely time consuming. Example of currently or recently supported research projects and relevant results: No studies targeted on the behavioral ecology of the immature stages of ACP are funded.
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From page 125... ...
76–78 (ACP behavioral ecology)
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From page 126... ...
Other sections of this report containing related information: Chapter 3, p. 71 (sterile insect technique)
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