S&T Strategies of Six Countries Implications for the United States (2010) / Chapter Skim
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4 China
4 China
Pages 22-34
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From page 22... ...
Chinese leadership uses its authority to align national culture with the needs for economic growth in S&T. China relies on global trade and acquiring innovation from abroad and uses its domestic market to attract multinational corporations.
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From page 23... ...
Many of its stated S&T and modernization goals will be unachievable without continued access to and exploitation of the global marketplace for several more decades. China plays a critical role in low- and select high-tech industry production and logistics chains, but it cannot (yet)
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From page 24... ...
This law forces companies to adopt the indigenous innovation regime, thus compelling them to transfer proprietary technologies to their Chinese subsidiaries or risk losing access to procure ment by state-owned enterprises, which in some sectors comprise the largest part of the domestic market. Such efforts have thus far had mixed, mostly failed, results in the public domain; some companies choose to comply with informal technology transfer mandates or market pressures in an attempt to capture greater market share.
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From page 25... ...
China's rate of internal technological invention continues to lag well behind that of the United States and other Western nations, although the country has considerable resources with which to acquire technology for research, which it is indeed doing. For example, there is a national effort underway to build a research network in the field of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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From page 26... ...
Among the most fundamental, high-impact S&T areas are information technologies, sustainable energy development, and biotechnology. Information Technology and Communications Sector China's path toward its long-term objective of becoming a technological superpower has begun with the use of foreign technology that is modified to Chinese domestic standards and contains intellectual property owned by Chinese majority-owned companies or Chinese nationals.
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From page 27... ...
Adoption of the indigenous innovation regime will compel multinationals to transfer proprietary technologies to their Chinese subsidiaries on legal terms that most will regard as unacceptable -- the alternative being the loss of access to procurement by state-owned enterprises, which in some sectors comprise the largest part of the domestic market. China is also likely to use the standards-setting process to compel multinationals to transfer the technology that is implicated in the standards or face the legal consequences of noncompliance.
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From page 28... ...
The National Energy Commission, formed in 2008, is partially comprised of high-ranking military officers, a fact which has attracted widespread comment. The Chinese government has tasked the national defense production sector with developing wind power equipment for "national defense," and it has directed the industry to "facilitate the military's rapid development and advancement of the wind power equipment industry in order to build the national economy" (Xinhua, 2007; NFTC, 2010)
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From page 29... ...
To assess China's effectiveness in achieving its goals, a wide range of indicators should be monitored, including those listed here: • Number of international prizes and patents • Emergence of international brands • Emergence of innovative products and practices unique to China • Level of R&D expenditures over time • Degree and quality of connections between academic-industry-research centers • Quantity and quality of international collaborations and exchanges in industry and academia • Amount and type of foreign direct investment • Continued growth and improvement of education system and faculty • Reduction in corruption levels • Number of publications in well-known and prestigious journals • Successful expansion of S&T literacy into western China • Salaries for scientists and researchers • Trends in brain drain, brain gain, and brain circulation • Links between mainstream innovation system and defense industrial sector From this expansive list, a brief selection of indicators are summarized in the following sections, with priority given to those that the committee sees as particularly indicative of China's S&T advancement.
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From page 30... ...
. Many of those that do return to China do not hold foreign doctorates; rather, they received Ph.D.s from Chinese institutions and went abroad for several years of postdoctoral research experience.
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Over time, China's spurt in S&T innovation slows or stalls, and advanced foreign investment and interest diminishes and diverts to other global hot spots. Western commercial firms and defense industries remain engaged with, but wary of and generally unchallenged by, Chinese counterparts.
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From page 32... ...
As with other powers, China's future scientific and technological advancement is heavily reliant on continued access to critical material and minerals, whether through domestic supply, stockpiling, and/or import. The competition for rare earth elements is already underway; China is a signifi cant competitor by virtue of its U.S.-size demand and market.
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From page 33... ...
. China Encourages military industrial Enterprises to Produce Wind Power generators.
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From page 34... ...
2010. China's Emerging Technological Trajectory Critical Issues and Implications.
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