S&T Strategies of Six Countries Implications for the United States (2010) / Chapter Skim
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5 India
5 India
Pages 35-45
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From page 35... ...
1 This remarkable growth has been accompanied by a pronounced rise in the purchasing power of the Indian middle class, fueling the expansion of domestic commercial markets, even though income inequality is growing, and poverty is still widespread. In addition to its large domestic market, India possesses many strengths that will play a crucial role in its achievement of major development goals: a young and growing population with expanding 1Although GDP growth dropped to 6.7 percent in 2009 in response to the global economic crisis, growth has rebounded and is expected to continue in the 2010-2011 fiscal year (Jagota and Kala, 2010)
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From page 36... ...
India remains a relatively poor country, with per capita income below $700, a less than 2 percent share of global GDP, and only a 1 percent share of world trade. Moreover, 80 percent of India's population lives on less than $2 a day, with more than 50 percent of the total labor force still engaged in agriculture (CIA, 2010)
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From page 37... ...
A review of previous five-year plans reveals the continuation of strategies in key technology areas, which indi cates that there is a long-term strategy, even though it is not documented beyond five years. The current five-year plan identifies detailed research foci and envisioned outcomes for 16 sectors with the greatest proposed national
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From page 38... ...
Weaknesses in the Indian education system, including large discrepancies in the quality of education between top institutions and departments and the rest of the Indian institutions, could potentially slow the growth of the S&T innovation system and prevent some goals from being achieved within their projected timelines. Recognizing the need to increase educational resources, the Indian government recently presented to the Parliament the Foreign Educational Institutions Bill, which allows foreign universities to establish campuses in India (Government of India, 2010)
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From page 39... ...
Its accomplishments include the commissioning of two 540 MW indigenously designed PHWR, the first light from the Indus-2 synchrotron, and the debut of a countrywide environmental radiation monitoring network with 37 monitoring stations across the country. Substantial progress has been made in satellite technologies, beginning with the operation of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
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From page 40... ...
Other scientific achievements include the following: • Installing early tsunami and storm surge warning system • Strengthening the ocean observation network by deployment of state-of-the-art technology data buoys and Argo floats • Completing the maiden flight of SARAS, a multi-role civilian aircraft • Beginning the Nano Science and Technology Initiative • Forming a new Ministry of Earth Sciences for programs related to Earth and atmospheric sciences India continues to develop atomic energy and space technology. New research areas include biotechnology and nanotechnology.
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From page 41... ...
The number of countries in which Indian firms obtained patents rose from 29 in 1990-1994, to 52 in 2000-2004, to 101 in 2005-2007. Until 2004, most of the foreign patents were filed in the United States and Canada, after which the patenting activity expanded to Europe, Asia, and Latin America continents (NISTADS, 2009)
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From page 42... ...
Suspicion of Neighboring Countries and Fear of Technology Denial Right or wrong, India feels surrounded by hostile neighbors and is fearful of becoming dependent on other countries for strategic technologies. As a result, India spends a disproportionally large amount on R&D in the government sector and on defense technologies.
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Agricultural productivity and literacy are low, and societal problems such as poverty, public health, and population growth have proven hard to crack. Frequent policy changes, shifts in the governing alliance of political parties, and stifling government bureaucracy compound the problem.
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Cross-fertilization between the United States and India exists through industry partnerships and personnel exchanges exist. Many Indian students attend university in the United States; student and professor exchanges between India and the United States are quite common.
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From page 45... ...
global Economics Paper 169(June 16)
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