Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences (2011) / Chapter Skim
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3 Basic Biomedical Sciences
3 Basic Biomedical Sciences
Pages 27-50
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From page 27... ...
distinct and linked by a third genus of biomedical scientists dubbed "translational" researchers, who have been trained to BiomediCal reSeaCh WorkforCe be knowledgeable in both the basic and clinical biomedical sciences, as well as proficient in patient care. For the descriptive material and the data presented in With respect to behavioral research, covered in a later this report, researchers in the basic biomedical sciences are chapter, there is a similar continuum within the neurosciences defined as individuals holding a Ph.D.
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From page 28... ...
the Ph.D. graduates in biomedical programs also received research universities, but a substantial number come from their bachelor's degree in the same field.4 In addition, since foreign institutions, either directly into a graduate research 1998 there have been more female than male graduate stuprogram, or more frequently via a postdoctoral position in dents enrolled in biomedical programs such that in 2008 the United States.1 females represented 56 percent of the graduate students.
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From page 29... ...
2008. Surey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, 008.
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From page 30... ...
Students Enrolled in the Biomedical Sciences, Fall 2005 Field Male Female Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology 3515 3021 Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering 2842 1589 Cell and Developmental Biology 2602 2989 Genetics and Genomics 1230 1495 Immunology and Infectious Disease 1155 1429 Integrated Biomedical Sciences 3285 3664 Microbiology 1200 1592 Neuroscience and Neurobiology 2007 2019 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Environmental Health 1755 1989 Physiology 784 953 Total 20375 20740 SOURCE: NRC.
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From page 31... ...
Available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvydoctorates/. 3-3.eps TABLE 3-4 Race/Ethnicity by Percent of Doctoral Students in the Biomedical Sciences, Fall 2005 American Field White Black Hispanic Asian Indian Minoritya Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology 77 3 5 14 1 9 Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering 69 5 4 21 0 10 Cell and Developmental Biology 75 4 7 14 1 11 Genetics and Genomics 78 5 5 11 1 11 Immunology and Infectious Disease 76 6 6 12 1 12 Integrated Biomedical Sciences 79 5 5 10 1 11 Microbiology 78 6 7 9 0 14 Neuroscience and Neurobiology 76 4 7 12 1 12 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Environmental Health 72 7 6 14 1 14 Physiology 77 7 5 11 1 12 Total 76 5 6 13 1 11 Minority refers to Underrepresented Minorities that include Blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians a SOURCE: NRC.
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From page 32... ...
In analyzing the participation by foreign-born stu- definite plans to do postdoctorate training relatively soon dents, we note that the dramatic spike in Ph.D.s awarded to after receiving their degree increased sharply during the international students in 1991-1993, presumably a reflection 1970s from about 50 percent to 80 percent in the mid-1980s of increased entry into U.S. schools post-Tiananmen Square.
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From page 33... ...
However, these data run counter to the experience of essentially everyone in the biomedical research TABLE 3-5 Average Time to Degree field. This may be because these data reflect the time from Field Years entering a graduate program to receiving the doctoral degree, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology 5.61 and because some graduate students work for a period while Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering 4.92 in graduate school (a phenomenon that has increased over the Integrated Biomedical Sciences 5.61 past 15 years)
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From page 34... ...
There are also large numbers of doctoral recipients Academic postdoctorates Industrial postdoctorates 12,0 00 Government postdoctorates 10,000 8,000 Number 6,00 0 4,000 2,000 0 2005 2003 2001 1983 1985 1999 1995 1989 1993 1987 1977 1997 1991 1973 1979 1981 1975 Year FIGURE 3-6 Postdoctoral appointments in the biomedical sciences.
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From page 35... ...
Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology 3,625 2,087 1,242 5.1 Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering 944 675 280 5.6 Cell and Developmental Biology 3,586 1,991 1,537 9.1 Genetics and Genomics 1,664 956 705 7.5 Immunology and Infectious Disease 1,688 875 746 9.1 Integrated Biomedical Sciences 5,349 2,493 1,790 6.7 Microbiology 1,413 739 624 7.2 Neuroscience and Neurobiology 2,620 1,515 1,049 8.5 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Environmental Health 2,045 1,169 817 7.5 Physiology 793 464 330 7.5 Total 23,727 12,964 9,120 7.3 SOURCE: NRC.
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From page 36... ...
For the 983 biomedical programs those in clinical departments, but they do not include foreign in the study, 839 reported foreign postdoctorates in the non-tenure-track faculty, who have contributed additionally program. For 430 of these programs, more foreign post to the growth of this category of employment.
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From page 37... ...
2003 to 2006 in all position categories is almost certainly The decreased retirement rate and the longer time to a consequence of the flat NIH budget after the doubling independent research status are seen in the changes in the years. While data on the current faculty are not available, age distribution of tenured faculty from 1993 to 2006 (see one expects that the ratio of tenure track to non-tenure-track Figures 3-9 and 3-10)
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From page 38... ...
Washington, DC: NSF. 12.0 Employed in S & E in 1993 Employed in S & E in 2001 10.0 Employed in S & E in 2003 Employed in S & E in 2006 8.0 Percent 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 31-32 33 -34 35 -36 37-38 39 -40 41-42 43 -44 45 -46 47-48 49 -50 Two-Year Age Groups FIGURE 3-10 Percentage of tenured faculty in the biomedical sciences by 2-year cohort: Early career.
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From page 39... ...
During It might be argued that because the numbers of female facthe past five years we have seen a dramatic increase in the ulty are starting from a low base in the early 1970s, it is not number of new medical schools. Depending upon how much surprising that it has taken women time to obtain parity in they emphasize basic biomedical research, this situation may this area.
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From page 40... ...
0 RESEARCH TRAINING IN THE BIOMEDICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND CLINICAL RESEARCH SCIENCES 10 0 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 20 10 0 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006 Year Academic Industrial Government Other sectors FIGURE 3-12 Percentage employment by sector.
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From page 41... ...
and represented 35 percent of the S&E workforce, and they Women are recruited into tenure-track assistant professor held 45 percent of the non-tenure and non-faculty positions. positions to a reasonable degree, but several studies have The data on faculty appointments are consistent over time, shown that the fraction of females in associate and in fullwith the percentage of female faculty appointment about 2 professor positions declines substantially, and these numbers
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From page 42... ...
from the NIH. biomedical workforce has increased significantly, from In 2009 M.D./Ph.D.s in medical schools represented 8.1 per2.5 percent of the workforce in 1973 to 6.2 percent in 2006.8 cent of the 18,957 faculty in basic sciences departments and These numbers reflect the increasing numbers of minorities in 7.6 percent of the 118,559 faculty in clinical departments.
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From page 43... ...
b Total number of students minus foreign students and those who gave no response to race. c Data are from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)
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From page 44... ...
program MSTP funding be expanded by more than 20 percent. There even though they obtained an MCAT score of 34 or higher is no intent to add extra support to extant programs, which (which is within the range of students joining an MSTP)
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From page 45... ...
. TABLE 3-12 First-Year Support for Doctoral Students in the Biomedical Sciences Percent Field Full Support Partial Support No Support Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology 96 3 1 Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering 86 7 7 Cell and Developmental Biology 97 1 2 Genetics and Genomics 93 4 4 Immunology and Infectious Disease 95 4 1 Integrated Biomedical Sciences 97 1 2 Microbiology 96 2 2 Neuroscience and Neurobiology 96 3 1 Nutrition 88 10 2 Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Environmental Health 94 4 2 Physiology 96 2 2 Total 95 3 2 SOURCE: NRC.
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From page 46... ...
doctorates and doctorates with degrees from foreign trained while being supported by R01 grants, it does not institutions. As is the case for graduate student support, the seem unreasonable to expect that the same high standards fraction of postdoctoral support from federal funds derived expected of T32 trainees should be applied to these students, from training grants and fellowships has actually diminished TABLE 3-14 NRSA Trainees and Fellows by Broad Field (Basic Biomedical Sciences)
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From page 47... ...
Washington, DC: NSF. 18,000 Fellowships Traineeships Research Grants Non -Federal Sources 16,0 00 14,0 00 Number of Postdoctorates Suppor ted 12,0 00 10,000 8,000 6,00 0 4,000 2,000 0 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Year FIGURE 3-17 Postdoctoral support in the biomedical sciences.
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From page 48... ...
Thus, federal citizens and permanent residents now qualify for support funding policies provided universities an incentive to appoint under NRSA training grants and fellowships, and because students and postdoctoral fellows to research assistantships a growing number of graduate students and fellows with in addition to training grants or fellowships. Indeed, there is temporary resident status make up the research workforce, a cost-benefit to the university and to the federal sponsor to these temporary residents have necessarily been supported support students on research grants because the indirect cost by research grants.
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From page 49... ...
national Career outComeS for graduate StudeNtS postdoctorate trainees who are not supported by an NRSA aNd PoStdoCtoral felloWS and international postdoctorates on J-1 visas who cannot be supported by an NRSA, and both groups are treated (or As was mentioned earlier in the chapter, graduate students should be) as postdoctorate employees in training.
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From page 50... ...
It is thus not inconceivable sciences. that the influx of foreign postdoctorates may well slow, and the effect could be severe as we have come increasingly to Recommendation 3–3: One highly needed and extremely depend on this source of fellows to "titrate" our research valuable outcome would be for graduates of the bioworkforce needs in response to changes in R01 funding.
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