Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan (2011) / Chapter Skim
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5 Health Effects of Air Pollutants Detected at Joint Base Balad
5 Health Effects of Air Pollutants Detected at Joint Base Balad
Pages 47-62
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From page 47... ...
, and therefore specific health effects potentially related to exposure to air pollutants at JBB were not fully presented. The committee assembled specific health effects data (including all target organs)
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From page 48... ...
; nevertheless, IRIS and other agency databases provide the best readily available evaluation of health effects from exposure to toxic substances. HEALTH EFFECTS OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTANTS DETECTED AT JBB The evaluation of air monitoring data from JBB reported in Chapter 4 indicates that combustion products from burn pits were associated with low concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds but contributed a relatively small proportion of PM compared to local dust and other sources.
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The 2004 Surgeon General's report associated tobacco smoke with cancer, particularly of the lung and larynx, as well as the urinary tract and oral cavity; cardiovascular disease, including acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, and peripheral artery disease; pulmonary disease such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and increased susceptibility to pneumonia and other respiratory infections; gastrointestinal disease such as peptic ulcer and esophageal reflux; and reproductive effects, including low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, premature birth, and reduced fertility (U.S. Surgeon General 2004)
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anthracene PAH Probable carcinogen,b stomach and 1.2E-06 C NA 5.40E-03 53-70-3 respiratory tract tumors Fluoranthene PAH Nephropathy, increased liver weights, NA NA 1.40E+00 206-44-0 hematological alterations Fluorene PAH Blood effects; increased liver, spleen, and NA NA 1.40E+00 86-73-7 kidney weights Indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene PAH Probable carcinogen,b lung and skin tumors 1.1E-07 C NA 5.40E-02 193-39-5 Naphthalene PAH Possible carcinogen,b respiratory tumors; 3.4E-08 C 3.0E-03 I 7.10E-02 91-20-3 decreased body weights Phenanthrene PAH NA NA NA 4.20E-02 85-01-8 Pyrene PAH Nephropathy and decreased kidney weight NA NA 1.05E-01 129-00-0 1,2-Dichlorobenzene VOC Increased liver and kidney weight, liver NA 2.0E-01 H 1.40E+00 95-50-1 necrosis, renal tubular degeneration
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4-Ethyltoluene VOC NA NA NA NA 622-96-8 Acetone VOC Eye and respiratory tract irritation, NA 3.1E+01 A 2.90E+01 67-64-1 neurobehavioral and neurological effects (e.g., reduced nerve conduction velocity, increased reaction time) Acrolein VOC Respiratory and inflammatory responses, NA 2.0E-05 I 1.40E-05 107-02-8 nasal lesions, increased heart and kidney weights, liver necrosis, decreased body weight gain Benzene VOC Known carcinogen,b leukemia and 7.8E-09 I 3.0E-02 I 3.90E-02 71-43-2 hematologic neoplasms; progressive deterioration of hematopoietic function with chronic exposure, suppression of circulating B-lymphocytes, menstrual disorders, limited evidence of reproductive toxicity and neurotoxicity 1,3-Butadiene VOC Probable carcinogen,b liver, lung, ovary, and 3.0E-08 I 2.0E-03 I 1.70E-02 106-99-0 mammary tumors; lymphohematopoietic cancers and leukemia; reproductive and developmental effects (e.g., ovarian and testicular atrophy, fetal skeletal variations, decreased fetal weight)
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Hexane VOC Peripheral neuropathy NA 7.0E-01 I 4.30E+00 110-54-3 Isooctane VOC NA NA NA NA 540-84-1 Isopropyl alcohol VOC Eye and respiratory tract irritation: increased NA 7.0E+00 C NA 67-63-0 liver enzymes and relative liver weight: narcosis at highest exposures (CDC 2010; NLM 2011) Methyl tert-butyl ether VOC Increased absolute and relative liver and 2.67E-10 C 3.0E+00 I 2.10E+00 (MtBE)
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VOC Decreased body weight, increased mortality, NA 1.0E-01 I 1.06E+01 1330-20-7 eye and respiratory tract irritation, neurological effects (e.g., impaired learning and motor performance)
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bCarcinogenicity determined by EPA IRIS as follows: Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans : available tumor effects and other key data are adequate to demonstrate carcinogenic potential to humans, but does not reach the weight-of-evidence for the descriptor "carcinogenic to humans"; Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenic Potential: evidence from human or animal data is suggestive of carcinogenicity, which raises a concern for carcinogenic effects but is judged not sufficient for a stronger conclusion; Inadequate Information to Assess Carcinogenic Potential: available data are judged inadequate to perform an assessment; Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans: available data are considered robust for deciding that there is no basis for human hazard concern (EPA 2005)
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From page 55... ...
. Two epidemiologic studies conducted by CHPPM and the Navy failed to find an association between exposure to ambient PM and respiratory or cardiovascular outcomes in military personnel stationed at bases with burn pits, but these studies had substantial limitations including inadequate statistical power and short follow-up (AFHSC et al.
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. Types of respiratory morbidity associated with PM exposure include increased respiratory symptoms such as cough and sneeze; increased susceptibility to infection; and exacerbation of asthma and COPD (Kelly and Fussell 2011)
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Developmental toxicity -- for example, skeletal variations and decreased fetal weight -- has been observed following exposure to 2-butanone, and 1,3-butadiene. Neurological and central nervous system effects include reduced nerve conduction velocity (acetone)
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The health effects from exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds include cancer, diabetes, and other endocrine system effects, immunologic response, neurological effects, reproductive and developmental effects, birth defects, and wasting syndrome. The health effects of PM exposure include lung cancer mortality and other types of cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality.
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The committee's recommendations on the potential long-term health effects of exposure to air pollutants at JBB, including burn pit emissions, will incorporate these data as well as the epidemiologic data review in the next chapter.
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2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq and addendum report.
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2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May–19 June 2009.
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