Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops (2011) / Chapter Skim
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5 Crivellia papaveracea and Brachycladium papaveris as Candidate Biological Control Agents against Opium Poppy
5 Crivellia papaveracea and Brachycladium papaveris as Candidate Biological Control Agents against Opium Poppy
Pages 101-120
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From page 101... ...
have received the most attention as parasites that might substantially limit licit poppy cultivation (Milatović 1975a b) and as potential mycoherbicides against illicit opium poppy crop (Del Serrone and Annesi 1990; O'Neill et al.
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From page 102... ...
Dendryphion penicillatum Crivellia papaveracea Strain 3 (Meffert 1950) Helminthosporium papaveris Brachycladium papaveris Isolates used by Del Serrone Dendryphion state of Strains not studied by and Annesi 1990 P
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papaveris was evaluated as a potential biological control agent against Papaver rhoeas, a major weed of wheat in Italy (Covarelli 1981; Pignatti 1982)
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papaveris recovered from poppy plants that were grown in a field in Beltsville.
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papaveris as a mycoherbicide against opium poppy, although Del Serrone and Annesi did not propose to use it to control illicit poppy. Table 5-3 provides a summary of the experimental details.
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From page 106... ...
sprayed onto test plants until runoff; control plants sprayed with water and Teepol only Test plants Poppy plants inoculated at four growth stages: cotyledon to three true leaves, four to seven true leaves, eight to 11 true leaves, and 12-16 true leaves Environmental Inoculated and control plants exposed to different dew periods conditions (6, 12, 18, and 24 h) and temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30°C)
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From page 107... ...
papaveracea and B papaveris obtained from diseased poppy foliage and capsules of plants growing in a field and growth chambers in Beltsville, Maryland Test plants Poppy plants from Indian Grocery (IG)
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From page 108... ...
; treatments consisted of spores in different formulations identified by numerical designations but of undescribed compositions; control treatment consisted only of formulation without spores Assessment Efficacy of fungus assessed on basis of reduction in poppy capsule numbers, method capsule weight, and weight of seeds per capsule in Uzbekistan trials; in Tajikistan trials, efficacy assessed on basis of reduction in plant height, capsule numbers, and plant weight Final yield data not obtained, because "it was too dangerous to keep the trial long enough for this" According to the Uzbek researchers, inoculation of poppy plants at the rosette stage resulted in leaf infections followed by stem infections and finally plant death within 48 hours of inoculation. Infection at a more mature, capsuleforming stage resulted only in capsule discoloration and stunting.
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. Although diseased seedlings and immature plants might be killed (Del Serrone and Annesi 1990; Bailey et al.
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To estimate the amounts of the mycoherbicide product that might be required for a hypothetical program to control illicit opium poppy worldwide, the committee made calculations on the basis of published data on the amounts of inoculum used in field trials (Table 5-7)
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papaveris Inoculum for Experimental Trials Reference Method Inoculum Produced Del Serrone and Inoculum produced by culturing C papaveracea/ Spores produced (type not mentioned; presumed to be conidia)
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From page 112... ...
applied at 9.9 × 1012 spores and 898 million conidia/ha in 4,950 L/ha liters of water UNODC 5 g/0.3 m2 of inoculum 90 × 1015 (90 quadrillion) 50 × 1010 spores and 2002 composed of fungus- spores and 91 million 502 L of water colonized millet seeds; liters of water proportion of fungus to millet seed not specified a Amounts of inoculum used in field experiments were not aimed at defining the minimum inoculum quantity needed for effectiveness; this remains to be determined with the actual mycoherbicide product.
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papaveracea and B papaveris inoculum increased the severity of disease caused by these two fungi in White Cloud and Indian Grocery poppy plants.
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papaveris was assessed on the basis of reductions in poppy capsule numbers, capsule weight, and weight of seeds per capsule. In the Tajikistan trials, efficacy assessment was based on reductions in plant height, capsule numbers, and plant weight.
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. Del Serrone and Annesi (1990)
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somniferum and other species of Papaver (Del Serrone and Annesi 1990; UNODC 2002)
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papaveris was tested against 239 species of plants of economic, medicinal, and ornamental importance, including trees and shrubs, and 52 wild species of plants belonging to 24 families. Some nontarget Papaver species were reported to be susceptible, but none of the other nontarget plants was susceptible.
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From page 118... ...
papaveracea/B. papaveris as a mycoherbicide to control the illicit plants could similarly enhance the development of disease in the legal crop owing to drift during application or by secondary inoculum produced on infected plant tissues.
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From page 119... ...
Adaptation to new environments, for example, to new plant hosts or to new cultivars of crop plants can be accelerated by outbreeding and recombination due to sexual reproduction (Goddard et al.
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From page 120... ...
Poppy capsules were fewer and smaller than in previous years. It is important to note that diseases in major growing areas affected opium poppy plants at the late stage of plant development.
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