Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops (2011) / Chapter Skim
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3 Target Illicit Crops
3 Target Illicit Crops
Pages 47-60
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From page 47... ...
Cultivation of these plants for drug use has made them targets for interdiction, but their licit cultivation and use as part of cultural and spiritual heritages or for culinary, industrial, medicinal, and ornamental purposes go far back into human history. Whereas cultivation of coca is restricted largely to its native phytogeographic region in South America, opium poppy and cannabis are grown worldwide as licit crops or for illicit drug trade (UNODC 2010a)
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From page 48... ...
In the present report, cannabis refers to the plant species, hemp refers to industrial hemp, and marijuana refers to the psychotropic drug (recreational or medical)
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In the United States, hemp production provided weaving fiber for New England Puritans but could not displace the flax already in use. Cultivation spread to Kentucky and other states but did not take a strong hold, particularly as cotton production increased in the South.
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From page 50... ...
Among the three drug crops considered in the present report, cannabis might be the most difficult to control with mycoherbicides because it is grown more widely in more regions and under wider geographic conditions than coca or opium poppy. A cannabis mycoherbicide should be capable of performing under varied environmental conditions and against several host genotypes.
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From page 51... ...
. Licit Cultivation Commercial cultivation of cannabis herb is generally not permitted in most countries.
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. In addition to varietal differences, coca grown in low-lying areas, such as the Amazon region, tends to produce less cocaine than that grown at higher elevations, on the upper slopes of the Andes (Plowman and Rivier 1983)
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From page 53... ...
. The northern Andes encompass the region from coastal Colombia south to northern Peru; the coldest areas reach 4,500 m above sea level (OTA 1993)
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The eastern regions of the Central Andes feature varied soils (Abruzzesse 1989) and are more similar to the moist woodlands of the northern Andes (with the addition of a dry season)
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. Some 21% of the total coca cultivation in Bolivia in 2007 occurred in national parks and protected areas, but that was down by 21% from the previous year (UNODC 2008)
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was formed. Its main purpose at the time was to secure coca leaves from Peruvian farmers to market to Coca-Cola; as of 2000, the company has stopped using coca to flavor its products (Thoumi 2005)
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somniferum var. album is a wild form that has white flowers and roundish ovate capsules; and P
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. Illicit Cultivation Afghanistan leads the world in cultivation of illicit poppy crop and production of opiates (nearly 90% of world production from roughly 123,000 hectares)
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The largest determinant of harvesting time is the available labor force. Once the capsules have been lanced and all the gum has been collected, they are left in the fields to mature over the next 20-25 days.
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, Austria, China, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, India, Macedonia, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. China, India, South Korea, and Japan produce raw opium; India is the only country that exports raw opium (Mansfield 2001; Bhattacharji 2007; Chouvy 2008)
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