Urban Meteorology Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Extended Speaker Abstracts
Appendix A: Extended Speaker Abstracts
Pages 129-152
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Appendix A Extended Speaker Abstracts OVERVIEW OF URBAN METEOROLOGY SUE GRIMMOND, KING'S COLLEGE LONDON Introduction Increasing urban populations worldwide has heightened awareness, enhanced interest and focused attention on urban meteorology. The absolute number of people living in cities, the proportion of the world's population this represents, and the land surface cities cover all continue to increase.
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R02149 Urban Meteorology
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. Features of Urban Environment from a Meteorological Perspective The most well-known atmospheric feature of the urban environment is the urban heat island (UHI)
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. R02149 Urban Meteorology Figure A-2 3 bitmapped raster images lower left corner graph is vector, entirely editable
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. R02149 Urban Meteorology Figure A-3 bitmapped raster image
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. Urban Land Surface Models (ULSM)
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. of the urban energy balance and that accounting for evaporation is impor R02149 Urban Meteorology tant.
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Pp. 97-123 in Urbanization of Meteorological and Air Quality Models, A. Baklanov.
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URBAN METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS WALTER F DABBERDT, VAISALA GROUP Introduction -- The Urban Challenge Cities alter the landscape in many different and pronounced ways relative to the neighboring, natural environment.
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. These needs ultimately define the requisite atmospheric observing TABLE A.1 Estimated Urban Meteorological Effects for a Mid-Latitude City with about 1 Million Inhabitants Magnitude/Commentsa Variable Change Turbulence intensity Greater 10-50% Wind speed Decreased 5-30% @ 10m in strong flow Increased In weak flows with heat island Wind direction Altered 1-10deg UV radiation Much less 25-90% Solar radiation Less 1-25% Infrared input Greater 5-40% Visibility Reduced Na Evaporation Less About 50% Convective heat flux Greater About 50% Heat storage Greater About 200% Air temperature Warmer 1-3C per 100yr; 1-3C annual mean; up to 12C hourly mean Humidity Drier Summer daytime More moist Summer night; all day winter Cloud More haze In and downwind of city More cloud Especially in lee of city Fog More or less Depends on aerosol and surroundings Precipitation Snow Less Some turns to rain Total More?
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APPENDIX A 139 systems and the design of the observing network. Lastly, a few technological challenges are introduced.
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-- -- Local utilities Private and Public T, pp, V neighborhood NC, Sh, Md, Ln ≤1 Building systems Building managers Private T, L block 1-3 Sh, Md management Transportation Highway departments Public T, I, pp, V, VSBY neighborhood Sh, Md ≤1 management Railroads Private T, I, pp, V, VSBY city Sh, Md ≤1, 1-3 Airports Public T, I, pp, V, VSBY, CC neighborhood NC, Sh, Md, Ln ≤1 Harbor and river masters Public T, I, pp, V, VSBY neighborhood NC, Sh, Md ≤1, 1-3 Public health and Health departments and Public T, U, pp, L, V, CC neighborhood Md ≤1 safety emergency mangers Air quality Air quality management Public AQ, T, U block, neighborhood 1-3 Md and public safety officials Emergency Public and industrial safety Public and Private T, U, pp, V, AQ block, neighborhood NC, Sh ≤1 response officials Flood control Municipal officials Public pp, T block, neighborhood 1-3 NC, Sh Insurance Company officials Private pp, T, I, L, V block, neighborhood Md, Ln ≤1 Retail sales Company officials Private pp, T neighborhood, city >3 Ln management Research Basic and applied Academic, Public, VSBY CC NC, Sh, Md, Ln block, neighborhood, city ≤1, 1-3, >3 researchers Private Urban planning Municipal officials Public T, U, V, AQ neighborhood 1-3, >3 (climate averages) Tourism Public visitor bureaus and Public and Private T, U, V, pp, L, AQ, city 1-3 Md private service providers VSBY, CC Personal decision General public (local)
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APPENDIX A 141 either high resolution (≤ 1h) , moderate resolution (1-3 h)
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of the PBL Radiosondes; backscatter lidar; radar wind profilers; sodar; commercial aircraft Soil moisture and soil temperature profiles Neutron sensor -cosmic ray absorption (to 2m depth) High-resolution LT vertical profiles of DIAL and Raman lidar; radiosondes; atmospheric humidity microwave radiometric profilers; commercial aircraft Air quality concentrations (above the DIAL and Raman lidar; tall towers with in situ atmospheric surface layer)
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Atmospheric lidar (light detection and ranging; see Killinger and Menyuk, 1987) refers to a family of profiling devices that emit short pulses of visible, ultraviolet or infrared beams of electromagnetic energy to obtain height-resolved profiles of winds, gaseous molecules or fine particles, depending on the design of the system.
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Aerosol profiles are also obtained at the same time from both lidar wavelengths. Raman lidar (Grant, 1991; White man et al., 1992)
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Soil moisture is a key variable in understanding and predicting atmospheric processes, yet representative measurements are difficult to obtain and not widely available. A new measurement method (Zreda et al., 2008)
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146 146 APPENDIX A The method is passive and can yield soil moisture measurements on a scale about 300m radius and 0.5m depth. Some Additional Considerations In addition to the users' information needs and the need for additional and improved surface-based measurements described above, there are at least four other requirements needing attention in the urban zone.
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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74(9)
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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89(2)
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Land Use Change and the Frequency of Extreme Heat Events Urbanization is not only driving the extent to which cities are warming in excess of their rural surroundings, it is contributing to a rapid rise in the number of extreme heat events (EHEs) over time.
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Enhancing Urban Climate Resilience Trends in heat island growth and the frequency of extreme heat in the largest U.S. cities clearly demonstrate the rising threat of climate change to urban populations.
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APPENDIX A 151 centers. A final component of urban climate resilience entails the energy conservation and efficiency strategies effective in reducing waste heat emissions from fuel combustion and building climate control.
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