A Sustainability Challenge Food Security for All: Report of Two Workshops (2012) / Chapter Skim
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[Part I]: 1 METRICS FOR FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION
[Part I]: 1 METRICS FOR FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION
Pages 11-26
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From page 11... ...
Food intake Nutrient deficiency Overnourishment Undernutrition Physiological condition Nutritional status Health, sanitation, care Overnutrition FIGURE I 1-1 Dimensions of food insecurity. NOTE: Food Security ≠ Nutrition Security; FIVIMS -- Multiple Indicators Needed SOURCE: Presentation by Hartwig de Haen, University of Göttingen, February 16, 2011.
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From page 12... ...
Surveys provide a more direct assessment of food energy deficiency at the household level, compared to the FAO method, and provide direct measures of the intra-national inequality of food intake. As with the estimates derived from food balance sheets, household surveys may face problems with data accuracy.
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From page 13... ...
Moreover, de Haen and Klasen made several recommendations for improving the FAO indicator, namely, strengthening the food balance sheets data, updating the coefficients of variation, and resuming estimates of the depth of hunger. They also suggested expanding living-standard measurement surveys and possibly linking them to anthropometric surveys (or adding anthropometric measurements where possible)
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From page 14... ...
SOURCE: Presentation by Hartwig de Haen, University of Göttingen, February 16, 2011. FOOD CONSUMPTION INDICATORS: FAO CHRONIC HUNGER INDICATOR3 Pietro Gennari, Food and Agriculture Organization Pietro Gennari outlined some of the major criticisms of the FAO measure.
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From page 15... ...
FAO's PU is an indicator of chronic hunger; that is, it captures the evolution of fundamental elements that drive long term nutritional status. As such, it is not intended to capture the impact of seasonal food shortages or temporary food price crises, unless such events have long lasting consequences.
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From page 16... ...
• The Mean. FAO has traditionally used the mean per capita dietary energy availability as derived from food balance sheets (FBS)
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From page 17... ...
With the FAO indicator, food insecurity can be monitored at the global, regional, and national levels, and the same methodology is used for every country. He noted that the FAO indicator relies on the accuracy of the three major components, with food balance sheet data as the foundation.
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From page 18... ...
Neufeld, Micronutrient Initiative Lynnette Neufeld began her presentation by explaining that collecting information on the nutritional status of populations is necessary to characterize the magnitude and distribution of deficiency, to identify subgroups at risk, and to design, implement, and monitor interventions and programs that can address nutritional problems and their direct and indirect causes. Several indicators are used at the population level to serve this purpose, including anthropometric measures (physical size, growth over time, and age)
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Height below what is expected for age is an indicator of chronic nutritional status. Weight-for-height reflects the extent to which the body's soft tissues (muscle and fat, principally)
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. These simple indicators can be collected through large, nationally representative surveys such as the DHS or the integrated household expenditure surveys and generate useful information on the risk of poor diet quality and micronutrient deficiencies in certain population groups.
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From page 21... ...
While the use of BMI is not a perfect indicator, it is useful in assessing long term consequences of overnutrition and obesity. Data suggest that in all regions of the world there have been very significant increases in BMI levels, with slightly higher increases for women 7 The presentation is available at http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/sustainability/foodsecurity/PGA_060826, presentation by Ricardo Uauy (February 16, 2011)
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Shapouri talked about the need to have information on food stocks in use and not to treat stocks as a residual. She explained that there appear to be significant discrepancies between calories per capita using food balance sheets versus household surveys.
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From page 23... ...
Food security indicators: Dietary energy intake, measures of dietary diversity, measures of household expenditure on food, poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day. Policy environment indicators: International code of marketing breast milk substitutes, strength of nutrition governance (very soft)
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From page 24... ...
Participants also discussed the importance of developing better quality national level data -- a key input to the global metrics as well as for assessing local conditions. A number of participants discussed the growing role of household surveys as a complement to food balance sheets and other data used for food security indicators.
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From page 25... ...
2009. The effects of maternal body mass index on pregnancy outcome.
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