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11. Degassing of Carbon Dioxide as a Possible Source of High Pore Pressures in the Crust
Pages 158-164

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From page 158... ... Since the model is run in a transient mode, the results are presented in terms of the time to reach lithostatic fluid pressure at 10 km depth, the lowermost cell of our simulated column of crust. At a permeability of 10-7 darcies, pore pressures do not approach lithostatic at steady state (infinite time) Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... Note that lithostatic pore pressure migrates upward with time and that once breaks occur in the lower rock units they do not reach lithostatic pressures again. Figures 11.5 and 11.6 show what happens when the breaks are resealed, that is, permeability is returned to its original value following a break. Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... ~ '. : 1 1 1 2 Time, 1 OO,OOO's years k = 10-9 darcy or = 10-4 bar =0.02 3 4 FIGURE 11.6 Pressure versus time for a system in which fractunng occurs once pressure reaches lithostatic and fractures quickly reseal themselves. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... The limited solubility of CO2 in H2O in the pressuretemperature range considered (Takenouchi and Kennedy, 1964; Gehrig, 1980) implies that the volumetric flow rate required to transport a given flux of CO2 in solution or in a two-phase mixture would generally be somewhat greater than the flow rate required to transport the same CO2 as a separate phase. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: (II) Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis, Geological Society of America Bulletin 70, 167-206. Read the entire page →
From page 163... ... Index A Actinolite, 82 Advection, 9, 29-30, 31, 32, 33, 47-48 Africa, 132, 145 Alaska, 81, 137, 148-155 Alberta, 136, 137 Alps, 10, 32, 69, 153 Aluminum andalusite, 98, 101, 109 chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 mica, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 163 see also Feldspar Amphiboles, 82, 88, 97, 98-99, 101, 106, 109, 153 Anatexis, 108-111 Andalusite, 98, 101, 109 Appalachian Mountains, 12, 35, 132, 133, 134-135, 136, 138, 140-146, 153 Aquifers, see Groundwater tables Arizona, 38, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 130 Arrow Lake, 78 Asia, 145, 158 see also geographical subunits Atlantic Ocean, 150 B Barbados, 150, 153 Barium, 15 Basalts carbon dioxide solubility, 159 fluid-rock ratios, 65 magma, 84-90, 159 Basement complexes Hercynian orogeny, 98, 99, 100, 103, 106-110 seismic reflection, 128-138 Batholiths, 33, 54, 75-80, 81, 87-88, 115 Bentonite, 33 Biotites, 77, 82, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105 Boreholes, see Drilling Boundary conditions, 15, 16, 23 Breccias, 53, 80 Brines, 20, 125, 133-138 British Columbia, 73, 81 cordilleran batholiths, 75-78 British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate, 128 Brittleness, 5, 54, 73, 90, 111, 116 C Calderas, 79-80, 81, 84-85, 89, 90 California, 21, 22, 81, 136 San Andreas Fault, 12-13, 35-36, 116 Canada, 135, 136, 137 see also geographic subunits Carbonates, 64-65, 68, 98-105' 106, 109, 158 Carbon dioxide, 5, 39, 64, 65-66, 96, 130, 141, 154, 159-163 Carboniferous period, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 109 Carbon isotopes, 96, 158-159 Cascade Mountains, 80 165 Caspian Basin, 14, 36, 37 Cenozoic era, 51, 76, 84 see also Quaternary period; Tertiary period Channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 Chemical processes, 4, 5, 8, 9, 19 carbon dioxide, 5, 39, 64, 65-66, 96, 130, 141, 154, 159-163 diagenesis, 12, 13-15, 27, 36-37, 134, 149 equations, 4, 10, 31-32 fault zones, 153 free water, 5 global geochemical budget, 149 hydration/dehydration, 15-16, 37-38, 56-57, 68 metamorphism, 64-65 phase equilibria, 4, 64, 65, 66 quartz precipitation, 69-70 research recommendations, 21 salt and systems, 20, 59, 65, 133-135 transport, 3, 31-33, 48 volatiles, 39, 47, 67-6S, 69, 132, 158 see also Isotope geochemistry; Minerals and mineralogy Chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 Clay, 11, 14, 37, 67, 82, 150 bentonite, 33 montmorillonite-illite transformation, 14, 17, 37'39, 134, 149 petite, 65, 68-70, 98-99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111 Coal, 133 Colorado, 22, 33, 81, 90 Read the entire page →
From page 164... ... 166 Computer applications, 4, 22 fracture processes, 19, 20 heat/mass transport, 15 Conservation equations, 6-9, 28-32 Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling, 128-138 Contamination, 10, 21, 27, 31-32 Continental margins, 64, 75-76, 132, 138 Convection, 6, 15-16, 27, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 50, 73, 77, 90, 110, 111 Cordilleran phenomena batholiths, British Columbia, 75-78 hydrocarbons, 136 Cores, see Drilling Coupling of processes, 3, 10, 14, 17, 22-23, 32, 38, 39, 48, 153, 160 Cretaceous period meteoric hydrothermal activity, 76, 81 shale, 8, 33, 96 Crystalline rock and crystallization, 8, 19, 38 basement complexes, 98-100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 128-138 batholiths, 33, 54, 75-80, 81, 87-88, 115 chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 geometry, 84 granitic, 97 magmatic, 16, 38, 45, 46, 47, 53-54, 80, 83-84, 87, 9~91 paragenesis, 55-59 permeability/porosity, 8, 47, 83-84 pressure relations, 117 see also Quartz D Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 F Deep crustal processes, 4, 5, 16-17, 38, 64, 96, 128-138 Density, 10, 15, 29, 32, 37-38 fracturing, 58, 59 pressure and, 38, 43, 68, 82 rock/mineral, 43, 68 Devonian period, 35, 97, 135, 141, 143-144 Diagenesis, 12, 13-15, 27, 36-37, 134, 149 Differential equations, see Equations Diffusion, 15, 29-31, 32, 117 see also Advection; Convection Dispersion processes, 29-30, 32 Drilling, 5, 58, 86, 90, 96, 111 Ductility, 5, 89, 90, 111 E INDEX Energy factors, 47 Energy resources coal, 133 hydrothermal, commercial use, 16, 38 natural gas, 21, 27 oil, 10, 21, 27, 135, 136 Energy transport, 3, 6-7, 27-32, 30 see also Heat transport; Momentum Eocene epoch, 78 magmatism, hydrothermal effects, 78-80 Epidote, 82, 83 Equations, 3 boundary conditions, 15, 16, 23 carbon dioxide flux, 159-160 conservation, 4, 6-9, 28-32 coupling of processes, 3, 10, 14, 17, 22-23, 32, 38, 39$ 48, 153, 160 Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 density, 37-38, 68 dispersion-diffusion-advection, 29-30, 31, 32, 33, 48 geothermal reservoirs, 16, 38 hydration/dehydration, 38-39 magma-associated flow, 38, 42 permeability, 60, 120 pressure effects, 4, 10, 29, 32, 37, 42-48, 68-69, 120, 121, 122 research recommendations, 22-23 stress and strain, 31, 36-37 tectonic stress, 35, 121 time factors, 121-122 volume, failure, 46-47, 48, 122, 123 Europe, 106, 158 see also geographical subunits Earthquakes, 3, 5, 10, 21-22, 27, 33, 115, 124 Elasticity, 30, 45, 124 visco, 22, 32 see also Stress and strain Electrical conductivity/resistivity, 5, 11, 33, 115, 150 Electromagnetic techniques, 5, 115 Elkhorn Mountains, 81 Faults, 149, 150, 151-154 Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt, 35, 140-146 joint/fracture systems, 54, 144-145, 146 magma conduits, 129 rift zones, 72, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 109, 110, 129-130 San Andreas, 12-13, 35-36, 116 strain rates, 121, 124 see also Earthquakes Feldspar, 73-75, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 99, 101, 104, 134, 163 plagioclase, 82, 83 sericite, 83, 98 see also Granite and granitoids Fick's Law, 29 Field studies, 17-19, 33 fluid inclusion, 150-155, 158 joint sets and systems, 51-61, 144-145, 146 Finger Lakes, 141 Flows artesian, 141 channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 flow equations, 29 grain boundaries, 8, 65, 69 lithostatic fluid pressure, 5, 10, 14, 21, 33, 37,66,67-69,90,91, 110, 111, 117, 12~123, 141, 145, 146, 149-151, 158, 159 mid- to lower-crustal levels, 5, 16-17, 64, 66-68 velocity, 20, 28, 29, 68-69 viscosity, 10, 22, 37, 46, 47, 66, 68-69, 82, 120 see also Advection; Convection; Diffusion; Permeability and porosity Flux, 9, 30, 31, 6066, 68-69 carbon dioxide, 159, 160, 163 Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 mass/energy, 6-7 thermal, 44 Fourier's Law, 30 Fracture processes brittleness, 5, 54, 73, 90, 111, 116 channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 deep crustal, 5 diffusive, 29 failure criteria, 15, 27, 38, 44, 45-48, 50, 54, 122, 123, 124 gabbros, 84 healing/sealing, 118, 120-121, 122, 124, 151 hydraulic, 6, 8, 13~16, 27-28, 36' 38, 42, 45, 54, 68, 69, 117-120, 122, 123, 144, 150, 151-152, 161-162 hydrothermal, 5~61, 69 joint sets and systems, 50-61, 144 145, 146 magma, 44-48, 50-61 mineralization, 4, 15, 27-28, 47-48, 53, 55-59, 69-70, 81, 82, 118, 12~121, 122, 124, 153 ocean lithosphere, 123 permeability, 6, 20-21, 27, 5~61, 78, 84, 90 research recommendations, 17, 19 France, Pyrenees, 33, 65, 73, 89, 91, 96-111 G Gabbros, 73, 81-84 Geometry crystallization, 84 fractures, 19 joint/fracture systems, 51, 54-59 pores, 42, 45 Gold, 81 Gneisses, 97, 98-99, 101-110 (passim) , 117 Gondwanaland, 137 Grain boundaries, 8, 65, 69, 118, 149 Granite and granitoids, 73, 76, 77, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 108 crystallization, 97 gabbros vs. Read the entire page →

From page 158...

... Since the model is run in a transient mode, the results are presented in terms of the time to reach lithostatic fluid pressure at 10 km depth, the lowermost cell of our simulated column of crust. At a permeability of 10-7 darcies, pore pressures do not approach lithostatic at steady state (infinite time)

Read the entire page →

From page 159...

... Note that lithostatic pore pressure migrates upward with time and that once breaks occur in the lower rock units they do not reach lithostatic pressures again. Figures 11.5 and 11.6 show what happens when the breaks are resealed, that is, permeability is returned to its original value following a break.

Read the entire page →

From page 160...

... ~ '. : 1 1 1 2 Time, 1 OO,OOO's years k = 10-9 darcy or = 10-4 bar =0.02 3 4 FIGURE 11.6 Pressure versus time for a system in which fractunng occurs once pressure reaches lithostatic and fractures quickly reseal themselves.

Read the entire page →

From page 161...

... The limited solubility of CO2 in H2O in the pressuretemperature range considered (Takenouchi and Kennedy, 1964; Gehrig, 1980) implies that the volumetric flow rate required to transport a given flux of CO2 in solution or in a two-phase mixture would generally be somewhat greater than the flow rate required to transport the same CO2 as a separate phase.

Read the entire page →

From page 162...

... Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting: (II) Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid-pressure hypothesis, Geological Society of America Bulletin 70, 167-206.

Read the entire page →

From page 163...

... Index A Actinolite, 82 Advection, 9, 29-30, 31, 32, 33, 47-48 Africa, 132, 145 Alaska, 81, 137, 148-155 Alberta, 136, 137 Alps, 10, 32, 69, 153 Aluminum andalusite, 98, 101, 109 chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 mica, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 163 see also Feldspar Amphiboles, 82, 88, 97, 98-99, 101, 106, 109, 153 Anatexis, 108-111 Andalusite, 98, 101, 109 Appalachian Mountains, 12, 35, 132, 133, 134-135, 136, 138, 140-146, 153 Aquifers, see Groundwater tables Arizona, 38, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 130 Arrow Lake, 78 Asia, 145, 158 see also geographical subunits Atlantic Ocean, 150 B Barbados, 150, 153 Barium, 15 Basalts carbon dioxide solubility, 159 fluid-rock ratios, 65 magma, 84-90, 159 Basement complexes Hercynian orogeny, 98, 99, 100, 103, 106-110 seismic reflection, 128-138 Batholiths, 33, 54, 75-80, 81, 87-88, 115 Bentonite, 33 Biotites, 77, 82, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105 Boreholes, see Drilling Boundary conditions, 15, 16, 23 Breccias, 53, 80 Brines, 20, 125, 133-138 British Columbia, 73, 81 cordilleran batholiths, 75-78 British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate, 128 Brittleness, 5, 54, 73, 90, 111, 116 C Calderas, 79-80, 81, 84-85, 89, 90 California, 21, 22, 81, 136 San Andreas Fault, 12-13, 35-36, 116 Canada, 135, 136, 137 see also geographic subunits Carbonates, 64-65, 68, 98-105' 106, 109, 158 Carbon dioxide, 5, 39, 64, 65-66, 96, 130, 141, 154, 159-163 Carboniferous period, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 109 Carbon isotopes, 96, 158-159 Cascade Mountains, 80 165 Caspian Basin, 14, 36, 37 Cenozoic era, 51, 76, 84 see also Quaternary period; Tertiary period Channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 Chemical processes, 4, 5, 8, 9, 19 carbon dioxide, 5, 39, 64, 65-66, 96, 130, 141, 154, 159-163 diagenesis, 12, 13-15, 27, 36-37, 134, 149 equations, 4, 10, 31-32 fault zones, 153 free water, 5 global geochemical budget, 149 hydration/dehydration, 15-16, 37-38, 56-57, 68 metamorphism, 64-65 phase equilibria, 4, 64, 65, 66 quartz precipitation, 69-70 research recommendations, 21 salt and systems, 20, 59, 65, 133-135 transport, 3, 31-33, 48 volatiles, 39, 47, 67-6S, 69, 132, 158 see also Isotope geochemistry; Minerals and mineralogy Chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 Clay, 11, 14, 37, 67, 82, 150 bentonite, 33 montmorillonite-illite transformation, 14, 17, 37'39, 134, 149 petite, 65, 68-70, 98-99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111 Coal, 133 Colorado, 22, 33, 81, 90

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From page 164...

... 166 Computer applications, 4, 22 fracture processes, 19, 20 heat/mass transport, 15 Conservation equations, 6-9, 28-32 Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling, 128-138 Contamination, 10, 21, 27, 31-32 Continental margins, 64, 75-76, 132, 138 Convection, 6, 15-16, 27, 30, 33, 37, 38, 42, 50, 73, 77, 90, 110, 111 Cordilleran phenomena batholiths, British Columbia, 75-78 hydrocarbons, 136 Cores, see Drilling Coupling of processes, 3, 10, 14, 17, 22-23, 32, 38, 39, 48, 153, 160 Cretaceous period meteoric hydrothermal activity, 76, 81 shale, 8, 33, 96 Crystalline rock and crystallization, 8, 19, 38 basement complexes, 98-100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 128-138 batholiths, 33, 54, 75-80, 81, 87-88, 115 chlorites, 77-78, 82, 83, 98, 99 geometry, 84 granitic, 97 magmatic, 16, 38, 45, 46, 47, 53-54, 80, 83-84, 87, 9~91 paragenesis, 55-59 permeability/porosity, 8, 47, 83-84 pressure relations, 117 see also Quartz D Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 F Deep crustal processes, 4, 5, 16-17, 38, 64, 96, 128-138 Density, 10, 15, 29, 32, 37-38 fracturing, 58, 59 pressure and, 38, 43, 68, 82 rock/mineral, 43, 68 Devonian period, 35, 97, 135, 141, 143-144 Diagenesis, 12, 13-15, 27, 36-37, 134, 149 Differential equations, see Equations Diffusion, 15, 29-31, 32, 117 see also Advection; Convection Dispersion processes, 29-30, 32 Drilling, 5, 58, 86, 90, 96, 111 Ductility, 5, 89, 90, 111 E INDEX Energy factors, 47 Energy resources coal, 133 hydrothermal, commercial use, 16, 38 natural gas, 21, 27 oil, 10, 21, 27, 135, 136 Energy transport, 3, 6-7, 27-32, 30 see also Heat transport; Momentum Eocene epoch, 78 magmatism, hydrothermal effects, 78-80 Epidote, 82, 83 Equations, 3 boundary conditions, 15, 16, 23 carbon dioxide flux, 159-160 conservation, 4, 6-9, 28-32 coupling of processes, 3, 10, 14, 17, 22-23, 32, 38, 39$ 48, 153, 160 Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 density, 37-38, 68 dispersion-diffusion-advection, 29-30, 31, 32, 33, 48 geothermal reservoirs, 16, 38 hydration/dehydration, 38-39 magma-associated flow, 38, 42 permeability, 60, 120 pressure effects, 4, 10, 29, 32, 37, 42-48, 68-69, 120, 121, 122 research recommendations, 22-23 stress and strain, 31, 36-37 tectonic stress, 35, 121 time factors, 121-122 volume, failure, 46-47, 48, 122, 123 Europe, 106, 158 see also geographical subunits Earthquakes, 3, 5, 10, 21-22, 27, 33, 115, 124 Elasticity, 30, 45, 124 visco, 22, 32 see also Stress and strain Electrical conductivity/resistivity, 5, 11, 33, 115, 150 Electromagnetic techniques, 5, 115 Elkhorn Mountains, 81 Faults, 149, 150, 151-154 Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt, 35, 140-146 joint/fracture systems, 54, 144-145, 146 magma conduits, 129 rift zones, 72, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 109, 110, 129-130 San Andreas, 12-13, 35-36, 116 strain rates, 121, 124 see also Earthquakes Feldspar, 73-75, 78, 81, 82, 83, 88, 99, 101, 104, 134, 163 plagioclase, 82, 83 sericite, 83, 98 see also Granite and granitoids Fick's Law, 29 Field studies, 17-19, 33 fluid inclusion, 150-155, 158 joint sets and systems, 51-61, 144-145, 146 Finger Lakes, 141 Flows artesian, 141 channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 flow equations, 29 grain boundaries, 8, 65, 69 lithostatic fluid pressure, 5, 10, 14, 21, 33, 37,66,67-69,90,91, 110, 111, 117, 12~123, 141, 145, 146, 149-151, 158, 159 mid- to lower-crustal levels, 5, 16-17, 64, 66-68 velocity, 20, 28, 29, 68-69 viscosity, 10, 22, 37, 46, 47, 66, 68-69, 82, 120 see also Advection; Convection; Diffusion; Permeability and porosity Flux, 9, 30, 31, 6066, 68-69 carbon dioxide, 159, 160, 163 Darcy's Law, 7, 10, 28-29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 150 mass/energy, 6-7 thermal, 44 Fourier's Law, 30 Fracture processes brittleness, 5, 54, 73, 90, 111, 116 channelized flows, 9, 29, 45, 47-48, 69-70, 132 deep crustal, 5 diffusive, 29 failure criteria, 15, 27, 38, 44, 45-48, 50, 54, 122, 123, 124 gabbros, 84 healing/sealing, 118, 120-121, 122, 124, 151 hydraulic, 6, 8, 13~16, 27-28, 36' 38, 42, 45, 54, 68, 69, 117-120, 122, 123, 144, 150, 151-152, 161-162 hydrothermal, 5~61, 69 joint sets and systems, 50-61, 144 145, 146 magma, 44-48, 50-61 mineralization, 4, 15, 27-28, 47-48, 53, 55-59, 69-70, 81, 82, 118, 12~121, 122, 124, 153 ocean lithosphere, 123 permeability, 6, 20-21, 27, 5~61, 78, 84, 90 research recommendations, 17, 19 France, Pyrenees, 33, 65, 73, 89, 91, 96-111 G Gabbros, 73, 81-84 Geometry crystallization, 84 fractures, 19 joint/fracture systems, 51, 54-59 pores, 42, 45 Gold, 81 Gneisses, 97, 98-99, 101-110 (passim) , 117 Gondwanaland, 137 Grain boundaries, 8, 65, 69, 118, 149 Granite and granitoids, 73, 76, 77, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 108 crystallization, 97 gabbros vs.

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11. Degassing of Carbon Dioxide as a Possible Source of High Pore Pressures in the Crust Pages 158-164

11. Degassing of Carbon Dioxide as a Possible Source of High Pore Pressures in the Crust
Pages 158-164