Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth (2012) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5 Health-Related Fitness Measures for Youth: Cardiorespiratory Endurance
5 Health-Related Fitness Measures for Youth: Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Pages 111-152
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 111... ...
The cardiorespiratory endurance tests most commonly associated with a positive change in a health marker are the shuttle run and tests conducted with the treadmill and cycle ergometer. Available evidence indicates that these three types of tests demonstrate acceptable validity and reliability.
|
From page 112... ...
The shuttle run is advantageous when there are time constraints and when cost may be a problem, such as in schools and other educational settings. Although the evidence for a relationship between distance/timed runs and health is insufficient at this time, this type of test is valid and reliable and could be an alternative in schools and other educational settings.
|
From page 113... ...
CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE TESTS The gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory endurance is maximal aerobic power (VO2max) -- the greatest rate at which a person is able to consume oxygen during sustained, exhaustive exercise.
|
From page 114... ...
Shuttle runs measure cardiorespiratory endurance when an individual runs to and from two different points, usually around 20 meters apart, at a set pace. The progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER)
|
From page 115... ...
, the committee found sufficient evidence linking specific cardiorespiratory endurance tests to health markers, particularly cardiometabolic risk factors and body composition. The strength of the evidence is categorized as sufficient or insufficient based on the number of studies linking a measure to a particular category of health markers, the study designs (evidence from experimental and longitudinal studies having more weight than that from quasi-experimental studies)
|
From page 116... ...
Mental and Sample Body Metabolic Cognitive Size and Study Summary, Quality and Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics Level of Evidence Eisenmann Treadmill Body mass No relationship N = 48 The Aerobics Center Longitudinal et al., 2005 (Balke, index (BMI)
|
From page 117... ...
-- no relationship Ages 13-27, ages 13 to 27. Longitudinal linear VO2 max with BP M and F, regression for relationship between Amsterdam fitness and CVD risk factors, adjusting for time, gender, age, diet, and other lifestyle factors.
|
From page 118... ...
Mental and Sample Body Metabolic Cognitive Size and Study Summary, Quality and Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics Level of Evidence regression to examine change in fitness and CVD risk, adjusted for changes in fat-free mass (FFM)
|
From page 119... ...
LE: Associational Chen et al., Shuttle run BMI N = 307 Examined which factors were 2007 (PACER) Ages 7-8, associated with changes in BMI M and F, over 1 year.
|
From page 120... ...
Mental and Sample Body Metabolic Cognitive Size and Study Summary, Quality and Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics Level of Evidence Kim et al., Shuttle run BMI N = 2,927 Examined relationship between 2005 (20 m/6 min)
|
From page 121... ...
Low baseline fitness associated with increases in HOMA-IR. LE: Associational Mota et al., 9-min run BMI N = 135 Baseline BMI and fitness with 2009 Ages 6-12, changes in BMI over 2 years; M and F, logistic regression; did not specify Portugal controlling for covariates.
|
From page 122... ...
Mental and Body Metabolic Cognitive Sample Size and Study Summary, Quality and Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics Level of Evidence Barbeau Treadmill Body fat Hemostatic N = 74 Lifestyle plus physical training et al., 2002 (submaximal (BF)
|
From page 123... ...
, markers of Ages 6-11, the effect of physical activity et al., 2009 (maximal) atherosclerosis M and F, on health markers in obese prepubertal, youth.
|
From page 124... ...
Mental and Body Metabolic Cognitive Sample Size and Study Summary, Quality and Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics Level of Evidence Walther Treadmill -- BMI, fat-free Number of N = 182 1school year study to et al., 2009 modified Bruce mass, total endothelial Mean age examine the effect of physical protocol body water progenitor cells, 11.1, M and activity on health markers.
|
From page 125... ...
fibrinogen used for those risk factors. No change in BMI after intervention, but there was an improvement in fitness and BP.
|
From page 126... ...
LE: Associational Kelly et al., Cycle BMI HDL, insulin N = 20 An 8-week intervention to 2004 ergometer -- sensitivity, Mean age study the effect of exercise VO2 peak, endothelial 10.9, M and F, on CVD risk factors. No graded test function overweight adjustment for maturity.
|
From page 127... ...
Fitness improved, along with a decrease in plasma visfatin and insulin resistance. LE: Associational Nourry Cycle Body mass, Pulmonary N = 24 Examined effect of 8-week et al., 2005 ergometer -- fat mass (FM)
|
From page 128... ...
of independent effects of fitness and BMI changes on CVD risk factors. No measure of puberty even though author recognized that testing is done during pubertal years.
|
From page 129... ...
ergometer, Compared with the control Physical group, the intervention Working resulted in improvements in Capacity-170 fitness; body composition; (PWC-170) and CVD risk factors, such test as heart rate, systolic BP, and TG levels.
|
From page 130... ...
Mental and Sample Body Metabolic Cognitive Size and Study Summary, Quality Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics and Level of Evidence Gately et al., Treadmill Body mass, Systolic and N = 185 A prospective cohort study 2005 walk % body fat diastolic Ages 9-14 and to evaluate the effects of (submaximal)
|
From page 131... ...
There were interactions between fitness and fatness and insulin resistance and CVD risk factors. LE: Direct 131 continued
|
From page 132... ...
Mental and Sample Body Metabolic Cognitive Size and Study Summary, Quality Reference Fitness Test(s) Composition Health Function Other Characteristics and Level of Evidence Stella et al., Cycle BMI, body Depression N = 40 Groups were aerobic 2005 ergometer mass, FM (Beck Ages 14-19, (three ergonomic sessions/ Depression F, obese, week, increasing from 40 Inventory)
|
From page 133... ...
LE: Direct Sidiropoulou 6-minute run Pulmonary N = 29 Subjects had history of et al., 2007 function Ages 11-15, M, exercise-induced asthma. Greek Intervention was soccer training for 8 weeks with a defined and controlled program based on maximal and resting heart rate.
|
From page 134... ...
. As with the other categories of tests discussed below, these studies overall found that results of distance/timed run tests used to measure fitness in youth corresponded to health risk factors, especially body fatness and cardiometabolic risk, in youth.
|
From page 135... ...
A few studies also found that improved performance on the shuttle run resulted in improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] , high-density lipoprotein [HDL]
|
From page 136... ...
to measure VO2max and associated health risk factors. Longitudinal studies demonstrated a strong link between changes in cardiorespiratory endurance as measured by treadmill testing and changes in adiposity measures such as BMI, waist circumference, and adiposity (as measured by skinfold and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]
|
From page 137... ...
. Overall, the studies reviewed indicate that, among the health markers measured, adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors show the strongest evidence for an association with treadmill-measured cardiorespiratory endurance.
|
From page 138... ...
. The weight of the evidence for an association between cardiorespiratory endurance as measured by cycle ergometry and health risk factors was particularly strong for measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, fat mass)
|
From page 139... ...
Limitations of the Scientific Literature Among the four types of cardiorespiratory endurance tests evaluated in these studies, all but the distance/timed run tests showed significant relationships to health risk factors, specifically adiposity measures and cardiometabolic risk factors. The studies considered of highest quality for each of the tests were as follows: · cycle ergometer (Janz et al., 2002; Kelly et al., 2004; Ortega et al., 2011)
|
From page 140... ...
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF SELECTED TEST ITEMS As discussed above, a number of tests have been used to measure cardiorespiratory endurance in studies linking this component of physical fitness to indicators of health in youth. The most common tests used in large-scale surveys and youth fitness test batteries are distance/timed runs, shuttle runs to volitional fatigue, and graded-exercise heart rate extrapolation tests (treadmill or cycle ergometer)
|
From page 141... ...
Overall, the available evidence suggests that the 20-meter shuttle run has excellent validity and reliability as a measure of cardiorespiratory endurance. Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer (Heart Rate Extrapolation)
|
From page 142... ...
Of interest, in the same study, Boreham and colleagues (1990) found that performance on the PWC-170 and 20-meter shuttle run was highly correlated (r = 0.89)
|
From page 143... ...
Facility factors are of particular importance as the different tests have different space and equipment requirements. For example, the shuttle run requires the most space -- at least 20 meters for the test course; the treadmill and cycle ergometer tests require substantially less space.
|
From page 144... ...
There is also some evidence that cardi orespiratory endurance is associated with neurocognitive function. Some studies have suggested that the lowest third of the distribution of cardiorespiratory endurance is the group at highest risk for cardiometabolic risk factors/metabolic syndrome, but the relationship may be more of a continuous one, making specific cut-points more difficult to determine.
|
From page 145... ...
The health markers most frequently assessed were related to body weight or adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors. The shuttle run, treadmill, and cycle ergometer tests all showed strong relation
|
From page 146... ...
The available evidence indicates that all of the approaches to measuring cardiorespiratory endurance examined in this chapter demonstrate acceptable validity and reliability. The validity and reliability coefficients for runs of varying distances and time limits are more variable and less consistently high than those reported for the shuttle run and heart rate extrapolation tests (treadmill and cycle ergometer)
|
From page 147... ...
2008. Effect of supervised exercise intervention on metabolic risk factors and physical fitness in Chinese obese children in early puberty.
|
From page 148... ...
2005. Relationship between adoles cent fitness and fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS)
|
From page 149... ...
2009. Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts later body mass index, but not other cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to adolescence.
|
From page 150... ...
2000. Tracking of activity and fit ness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors.
|
From page 151... ...
2008. Effects of a 12-week exercise training programme on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.