Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pages 19-32
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From page 19... ...
Other sentinel systems may be designed to facilitate assessment of health hazards resulting from such exposure; e.g., systems can be designed to provide early warning of human health risks or can involve deliberate placement of sentinel animals at a selected site to permit measurement of environmental health hazards. Some sentinel systems can be used to indicate both exposure and ha7~.rd~.
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From page 20... ...
The committee considered the gaps in existing data that need to be addressed if animal sentinel data are to be used in human risk assessment. It discussed issues of coordination between programs and standardization of data collection, analysis, and reporting, and it developed recommendations thereon.
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From page 21... ...
Observation of animals that live in the same environment as humans can yield information for human hazard identification and risk assessment. Like humans, animals are exposed to contaminants in air, soil, water, and food, and they can suffer acute and chronic health effects from those exposures.
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From page 29... ...
When clinical and epidemiologic information derived from human patients is available, it obviously should be used for human risk assessments; but such information is lacking in the case of most environmental chemicals, so laboratory-animal data usually constitute the primary basis for risk assessments. Even when an~malbased human risk assessments are expressed in quantitative terms, uncertainty exists, because it is difficult to extrapolate results from inbred laboratory animals (particularly rodents)
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From page 30... ...
Animals serve as monitors for environmental chemicals; the diseases and incidence of disease provide data to describe the prevalence of exposure in populations and to evaluate cumulative doses of persistent compounds. · Analytic epidemiologic studies test hypotheses regarding environmental exposures and estimate risks using controlled-observation study designs.
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From page 31... ...
Observational studies including outbreak investigations, analytic epidemiologic investigations, and in situ studies are reviewed and illustrated for each population of food animals, companion animals, and fish and wildlife. The use of animal sentinel systems specifically in risk assessment is considered in Chapters 6 and 7.
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