The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health Workshop Summary (2013) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 23-32
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From page 23... ...
While there is still a great deal to learn, especially about the underlying mechanisms driving these relationships, the newfound knowledge already is being used to develop dietary interventions aimed at preventing and modifying disease risk by manipulating the microbiome. The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge on the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply.
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. Chapter 5 summarizes the presentations and discussion that focused on how host diet, in turn, impacts the microbiome, the implications of that impact for human health, and the opportunities and scientific challenges to translating this knowledge into tools and products for use in building and maintaining health (i.e., parts of session 3 and all of session 5)
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From page 25... ...
KEYNOTE ADDRESS: THE FUTURE IMPACT OF BENEFICIAL MICROBES AND GUT HEALTH1 Microbial cells that populate the human body outnumber human cells by an order of magnitude, with the most densely populated areas being the nasal, oral, skin, gastrointestinal, and urogenital environments. Scientists are only just beginning to understand what these microbes do, how they function, and how they can be manipulated to benefit human health.
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From page 26... ...
had one of the largest sequencing centers in the world, running about 100 Sanger sequencing machines around the clock that generated about 1-2 megabases per day. Today, the newest high-throughput sequencing technology is capable of generating an entire human genome in about 4 hours.3 Nelson noted that her first microbial genome sequence project involving the genome of Thermotoga maritime took approximately 2 years and cost about $2 million.
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As scientists learn more about the role of the microbiome in human health and wellness, accessing that genomic space will become increasingly desirable. Nelson foresees this once-inaccessible genomic information being used to develop novel therapeutic and nutritional (e.g., probiotic)
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• Scientists are beginning to recognize the microbiome as an extra level of biological complexity that is integral to human physiology, health, and disease. Some workshop participants perceived the microbiome as an extension of human metabolism, with gut bacteria playing key roles in host metabolism.
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As sci entists continue to learn about the impact of diet on the microbiome and the consequences of that impact for human health and disease, the food industry is using that newfound knowledge to develop novel products for building and maintaining health via their impact on the microbiome. Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodological issues still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling (i.e., some workshop participants expressed concern not just about underpowered studies, but also about tissue undersampling)
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From page 30... ...
However, the current regulatory framework threatens to slow industry interest and investment. • Much of this early research on the microbiome focuses on associa tions between the microbiome and disease, not health, and most dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their influence on the microbiome (e.g., probiotics)
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From page 31... ...
2011. Stalking the fourth domain in metagenomic data: Searching for, discover ing, and interpreting novel, deep branches in marker gene phylogenetic trees.
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