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Appendix B - Survey Responses
Pages 30-77

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From page 30... ... 31 APPENDIX B Survey Responses Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... P . Alabama Randall Mullins 334-242-6015 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Arkansas Jim Tribo & Emanuel Banks 501-569-2136 501-569-2251 Yes P No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No Yes No California Lian Duan 916-227-8220 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Colorado Mark Leonard 303-757-9309 Yes I Connecticut Erika Smith 860-258-0701 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Florida Steve Platkin 850-414-4155 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Georgia Reggie Fry 404-363-7619 Yes P No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Illinois Jon Edwards 217-782-3586 No Y/N No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Kansas Richard Mesloh 785-368-7175 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kentucky Steve Goodpaster 502-564-4560 Yes P Yes Yes P No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Louisiana Kian Yap 225-379-1330 Yes E No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maine Dennis Dubois 207-624-3406 Yes E No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Manitoba Sam Donachuk 204-945-3373 Yes P Yes Yes P No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Minnesota Paul Kivisto 651-747-2130 Yes P Yes Yes P No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Mississippi Harry Lee James 601-359-7200 Yes P No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Missouri Shelly Schaefer 573-751-3853 Yes P No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Montana William Fullerton 406-444-6261 Yes P No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No N Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... 33 Ohio John Randall 614-387-6210 Yes P No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Oklahoma Walter Peters 405-521-2606 Yes P No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Oregon Nowzar Ardalan 503-986-3345 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Pennsylvania Tom Macioce 717-787-7504 Yes E No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Quebec Jocelyn Labbe 418-644-0169 Yes E No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No Rhode Island Richard Snow 401-222-2053 Yes I Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No Tennessee Edward Wasserman 615-741-3351 Yes P No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Texas Gilbert Sylva 512-416-2751 Yes E Yes Yes E Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Washington Nathan Brown 360-705-7219 Yes E Yes Yes E Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wisconsin Craig Wehrle 608-266-8487 Yes P No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Wyoming Greg Fredrick 307-777-4427 No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Notes: P = paper; I = Internet. ' No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes APPENDIX B1 -- (Continued) Read the entire page →
From page 33... ... Nevada 4 Additional temporary bracing had to be added to box girders on a project due to temperature variations from one side to the other during erection. Ohio 4 Integral abutments supported on bolts to achieve a rotation point. Read the entire page →
From page 34... ... Innovative techniques can be evaluated at construction. Ohio 7 Currently contractor must develop erection procedure. Read the entire page →
From page 35... ... Two of the most significant problems we have had with steel girder erection in the past are poor external diaphragm and cross-bracing fit-up on curved, skewed, steel-box girders due to differential field rotation of the boxes, and occasional field fit-up problems in general on skewed steel girder for drilling bolt holes. Connecticut 8 Tom Ryan (860) Read the entire page →
From page 36... ... Nevada 8 Have experienced alignment problems during erection of curved girders from opposite supports -- not attributed to design issues though. Ohio 8 Occasional design errors; substructure elevation or alignment plan errors. Read the entire page →
From page 37... ... Pennsylvania 12 Port Vue bridge near Pittsburgh Area and Ford City Bridge. Tennessee 12 Ed Wasserman, Mitch Hiles (615) Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... Alabama 15 Unless the design plans show them. Connecticut 15 Contractors can submit a proposal to use oversized holes, which would be reviewed on a project-by-project basis and must be approved. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... Wisconsin 15 Designer must agree. Wyoming 15 Oversized holes are not allowed in curved girders and in one ply of the crossframes. Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... Mississippi 17 Contractor not following approved erection procedures. Missouri 17 The project had no special erection procedures and process of erecting steel was responsibility of contractor. Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... Kansas 20 Only when specified by Contract Plan Note. Manitoba 20 Erection procedures including temporary supports shall be designed and sealed by a registered professional engineer. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... Connecticut 22 We customize each erection procedure in the design plans for curved, complex, or bridges over railroads, and they must be adhered to or an alternate plan can be submitted and stamped by a licensed Connecticut P.E. Georgia 22 Georgia DOT does not provide written erection procedures for the contractor. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... My personal opinion is that we waste time and money on these erection procedures in our design plans. Quebec 22 These procedures are not used by us. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... New York 23 ? Ohio 23 Shop assembly, required drift pins, lateral bracing where necessary, good field inspection, experienced erection crews and fabricator. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... Tennessee 24 Temporary supports at field splices in curved girders, integral caps to column. Texas 24 Temporary bracing, construction sequence, shore towers, falsework. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... They have also shared these pictures with contractors in a proactive manner. For curved box girders, we design and detail for one bearing per box. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... Florida 27 No Georgia 27 No Illinois 27 No Kansas 27 Curved girder erection. Kentucky 27 No Louisiana 27 No Maine 27 Vaguely Manitoba 27 No Minnesota 27 No Mississippi 27 No Missouri 27 Yes, upon request. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... Pennsylvania 28 What load position should steel girders and crossframes be detailed: load, no load, full load? Quebec 28 No Tennessee 28 No Texas 28 No Washington 28 Check out the "gravity on" approach for connecting girders and crossframes (curved girders) Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... Manitoba 29 Good design, good implementation at all stages, good construction practice. Minnesota 29 Think through the erection procedure. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... If a shop chooses to select other means to mark field splices, then a template should be avoided to narrow the margin of error of bolt hole alignment. Issue of paint damage to steel box girders due to roller "failure" during launching operation. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... N Dakota 31 Section 616 -- Structural Steel, North Dakota DOT, "Standard Specifications for Road & Bridge Construction." Nebraska 31 Website for NDOR construction specs: http://www.dor.state.ne.us/ref-man/conmanual/700/704-02.pdf Nevada 31 Section 506 of NVDOT specifications. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... Washington 3 Shop Assembly Have had problems where full shop assembly had not been specified in Special Provisions. Have had to loosen and retighten bolts in several cases. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... Also, for staged construction, they require a closure pour. Washington 5 Stage Const. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... Earls, Evaluation of Construction Issues and Inconsistent Detailing of Girders and Cross-Frame Members in Horizontally Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges, International Bridge Conference Report IBC-02-43. The Ford City Bridge is a three-span continuous bridge, where two spans were straight and the third span was curved. Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... piece of girder at one of the field splices rather than redo the job. Mississippi 16 Erection Error Had two other bridges where erector did not use falsework or follow erection procedure. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... He employed falsework on the curved section, loosened the connections on both sections, and properly aligned the members and retightened the connections to complete the job properly. Pennsylvania 16 Erection Procedures State College Bridge -- Curved girder bridge, relatively large radius. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... 58 State Question Issue Comment Owner -- Phone Comments and Separate Report Comments Maine 23 Erection Practices Try to have a pre-erection meeting to discuss pinning and bolting procedures plus elevation and alignment verification, particularly with inexperienced personnel. Florida 32 Sun Effects Curved girders move horizontal and vertical due to thermal effects of sun. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... Progressive assembly is three contiguous girders. Missouri 712.3.3.5 and 712.3.3.16 -- Progressive assembly with a minimum of one span, bearing to bearing, unless the contract requires full shop assembly of all girders and crossframes. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... Washington Wisconsin 506.3.7.1 -- Full-girder assembly is required unless otherwise approved. 6-03.3928 -- Unless contract states otherwise, contractor may choose between special complete, full girder, and progressive girder with at least three girders. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... 25% pins and 25% bolts. During erection, the contractor will be responsible for supporting segments of the structure in a manner that will produce the proper alignment and camber in the completed structure. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... Additional bolts may be added and tightened at that time. Drift pins to be replaced after all bolts tightened. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... Grand Junction 1 Webs horizontal, no crossframes except diaphragms at bearings, minimum bearing to bearing or three members. Harris 1 Webs horizontal without crossframes unless girders have a big skew or large camber; if so, then you may want to test fit a few frames in vertical position. Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... Fought 2 If curved, and girder lengths are not excessive (radius 1,000 ft or larger, length 100 ft or less) , webs horizontal in a two- or three-girder progressive assembly holding back one girder and a limited web vertical trial assembly of two lines and several girders with crossframes to verify fit. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... As for assembly with crossframes, there are some extreme curves and/or skews that should require some type of trial assembly of representative girder sections and their component parts, be it crossframes or lateral bracing, to ensure field fit. This type of assembly should be called for on the design drawings with guidelines establishing the requirements for assembly to meet the contract. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... Whether the box is curved or straight, we assemble them with the webs vertical. Industrial 4 Curved box girders or tub girders are always assembled as curved. Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... Proper installation (progressive) of crossframes on curved girders. Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... You must consider what type of shop assembly to use, which is based on how complicated the structure is; i.e., straight, curved, radius, skew, connections, and camber. High 6 Geometry control is a must. Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... Also had problems with curved box girders where the internal lateral bracing members were too light and had to be replaced. Harris 7 Yes High 7 Most issues were related to incorrect information on designs, fabrication tolerances exceeded, or erectors not controlling geometry. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... Understanding how curved and skewed bridges function and react is being addressed by the Associated Pennsylvania Constructors Subcommittee, Penn State University, and University of Pittsburgh for PennDOT. Industrial 8 No Lincoln 8 Yes. Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... Even an experienced erector can experience makeup problems and end up with a structure that is not consistent with the intent of the designers unless this sort of problem is dealt with early in the process. DeLong's 9 No Grand Junction 9 None High 9 We need to consolidate current efforts and control the outcome with a better understanding. Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... Vincennes 10 Oversized holes in crossframes. For box girders used as pier caps, keep the connection from the girder to the pier cap girder simple. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... For example, one part of the erection must be done before another part is started to I cannot recall working on any bridges where the owner provided an erection procedure. The contract documents often provide criteria that govern accommodate traffic during erection. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... This leads to the curved girders being erected out of plumb in order to connect the crossframes. The use of undersized bolts will sometimes help in cambered geometry and the crossframes are detailed to final geometry, there will always be some distortion until all dead loads are finally applied. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... Neal 6 It is desirable that the flanges be sized so that each individual girder piece can laterally support itself when erected in a simple span or cantilever condition depending on the erection sequence. With long spans and small flanges, temporary lateral support trusses made of angles and wire rope are often required until adjacent girders are erected and permanent crossframes and lateral bracing are connected. Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... Neal 11 Much research has already been done on curved girders. More needs to be done. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... We like concentric, not oversized holes on all members to ensure alignment, spacing, and cross-slope geometry. Secondary members such as lateral bracing are an exception to this rule. Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Tigard OR Terry Weir 503-639-3141 Grand Junction Steel Grand Junction CO Jeff Bishop 970-242-4015 Harris Structural Steel Co. Piscataway NJ Richard McCallum 732-752-6070 High Steel Structures, Inc. Read the entire page →

From page 30...

... 31 APPENDIX B Survey Responses

Read the entire page →

From page 31...

... P . Alabama Randall Mullins 334-242-6015 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Arkansas Jim Tribo & Emanuel Banks 501-569-2136 501-569-2251 Yes P No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No Yes No California Lian Duan 916-227-8220 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Colorado Mark Leonard 303-757-9309 Yes I Connecticut Erika Smith 860-258-0701 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Florida Steve Platkin 850-414-4155 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Georgia Reggie Fry 404-363-7619 Yes P No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Illinois Jon Edwards 217-782-3586 No Y/N No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Kansas Richard Mesloh 785-368-7175 Yes P Yes Yes P Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kentucky Steve Goodpaster 502-564-4560 Yes P Yes Yes P No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Louisiana Kian Yap 225-379-1330 Yes E No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maine Dennis Dubois 207-624-3406 Yes E No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Manitoba Sam Donachuk 204-945-3373 Yes P Yes Yes P No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Minnesota Paul Kivisto 651-747-2130 Yes P Yes Yes P No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Mississippi Harry Lee James 601-359-7200 Yes P No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Missouri Shelly Schaefer 573-751-3853 Yes P No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Montana William Fullerton 406-444-6261 Yes P No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No N

Read the entire page →

From page 32...

... 33 Ohio John Randall 614-387-6210 Yes P No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Oklahoma Walter Peters 405-521-2606 Yes P No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Oregon Nowzar Ardalan 503-986-3345 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Pennsylvania Tom Macioce 717-787-7504 Yes E No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Quebec Jocelyn Labbe 418-644-0169 Yes E No No No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No Rhode Island Richard Snow 401-222-2053 Yes I Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Yes No Tennessee Edward Wasserman 615-741-3351 Yes P No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Texas Gilbert Sylva 512-416-2751 Yes E Yes Yes E Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Washington Nathan Brown 360-705-7219 Yes E Yes Yes E Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wisconsin Craig Wehrle 608-266-8487 Yes P No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Wyoming Greg Fredrick 307-777-4427 No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Notes: P = paper; I = Internet. ' No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes APPENDIX B1 -- (Continued)

Read the entire page →

From page 33...

... Nevada 4 Additional temporary bracing had to be added to box girders on a project due to temperature variations from one side to the other during erection. Ohio 4 Integral abutments supported on bolts to achieve a rotation point.

Read the entire page →

From page 34...

... Innovative techniques can be evaluated at construction. Ohio 7 Currently contractor must develop erection procedure.

Read the entire page →

From page 35...

... Two of the most significant problems we have had with steel girder erection in the past are poor external diaphragm and cross-bracing fit-up on curved, skewed, steel-box girders due to differential field rotation of the boxes, and occasional field fit-up problems in general on skewed steel girder for drilling bolt holes. Connecticut 8 Tom Ryan (860)

Read the entire page →

From page 36...

... Nevada 8 Have experienced alignment problems during erection of curved girders from opposite supports -- not attributed to design issues though. Ohio 8 Occasional design errors; substructure elevation or alignment plan errors.

Read the entire page →

From page 37...

... Pennsylvania 12 Port Vue bridge near Pittsburgh Area and Ford City Bridge. Tennessee 12 Ed Wasserman, Mitch Hiles (615)

Read the entire page →

From page 38...

... Alabama 15 Unless the design plans show them. Connecticut 15 Contractors can submit a proposal to use oversized holes, which would be reviewed on a project-by-project basis and must be approved.

Read the entire page →

From page 39...

... Wisconsin 15 Designer must agree. Wyoming 15 Oversized holes are not allowed in curved girders and in one ply of the crossframes.

Read the entire page →

From page 40...

... Mississippi 17 Contractor not following approved erection procedures. Missouri 17 The project had no special erection procedures and process of erecting steel was responsibility of contractor.

Read the entire page →

From page 41...

... Kansas 20 Only when specified by Contract Plan Note. Manitoba 20 Erection procedures including temporary supports shall be designed and sealed by a registered professional engineer.

Read the entire page →

From page 42...

... Connecticut 22 We customize each erection procedure in the design plans for curved, complex, or bridges over railroads, and they must be adhered to or an alternate plan can be submitted and stamped by a licensed Connecticut P.E. Georgia 22 Georgia DOT does not provide written erection procedures for the contractor.

Read the entire page →

From page 43...

... My personal opinion is that we waste time and money on these erection procedures in our design plans. Quebec 22 These procedures are not used by us.

Read the entire page →

From page 44...

... New York 23 ? Ohio 23 Shop assembly, required drift pins, lateral bracing where necessary, good field inspection, experienced erection crews and fabricator.

Read the entire page →

From page 45...

... Tennessee 24 Temporary supports at field splices in curved girders, integral caps to column. Texas 24 Temporary bracing, construction sequence, shore towers, falsework.

Read the entire page →

From page 46...

... They have also shared these pictures with contractors in a proactive manner. For curved box girders, we design and detail for one bearing per box.

Read the entire page →

From page 47...

... Florida 27 No Georgia 27 No Illinois 27 No Kansas 27 Curved girder erection. Kentucky 27 No Louisiana 27 No Maine 27 Vaguely Manitoba 27 No Minnesota 27 No Mississippi 27 No Missouri 27 Yes, upon request.

Read the entire page →

From page 48...

... Pennsylvania 28 What load position should steel girders and crossframes be detailed: load, no load, full load? Quebec 28 No Tennessee 28 No Texas 28 No Washington 28 Check out the "gravity on" approach for connecting girders and crossframes (curved girders)

Read the entire page →

From page 49...

... Manitoba 29 Good design, good implementation at all stages, good construction practice. Minnesota 29 Think through the erection procedure.

Read the entire page →

From page 50...

... If a shop chooses to select other means to mark field splices, then a template should be avoided to narrow the margin of error of bolt hole alignment. Issue of paint damage to steel box girders due to roller "failure" during launching operation.

Read the entire page →

From page 51...

... N Dakota 31 Section 616 -- Structural Steel, North Dakota DOT, "Standard Specifications for Road & Bridge Construction." Nebraska 31 Website for NDOR construction specs: http://www.dor.state.ne.us/ref-man/conmanual/700/704-02.pdf Nevada 31 Section 506 of NVDOT specifications.

Read the entire page →

From page 52...

... Washington 3 Shop Assembly Have had problems where full shop assembly had not been specified in Special Provisions. Have had to loosen and retighten bolts in several cases.

Read the entire page →

From page 53...

... Also, for staged construction, they require a closure pour. Washington 5 Stage Const.

Read the entire page →

From page 54...

... Earls, Evaluation of Construction Issues and Inconsistent Detailing of Girders and Cross-Frame Members in Horizontally Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges, International Bridge Conference Report IBC-02-43. The Ford City Bridge is a three-span continuous bridge, where two spans were straight and the third span was curved.

Read the entire page →

From page 55...

... piece of girder at one of the field splices rather than redo the job. Mississippi 16 Erection Error Had two other bridges where erector did not use falsework or follow erection procedure.

Read the entire page →

From page 56...

... He employed falsework on the curved section, loosened the connections on both sections, and properly aligned the members and retightened the connections to complete the job properly. Pennsylvania 16 Erection Procedures State College Bridge -- Curved girder bridge, relatively large radius.

Read the entire page →

From page 57...

... 58 State Question Issue Comment Owner -- Phone Comments and Separate Report Comments Maine 23 Erection Practices Try to have a pre-erection meeting to discuss pinning and bolting procedures plus elevation and alignment verification, particularly with inexperienced personnel. Florida 32 Sun Effects Curved girders move horizontal and vertical due to thermal effects of sun.

Read the entire page →

From page 58...

... Progressive assembly is three contiguous girders. Missouri 712.3.3.5 and 712.3.3.16 -- Progressive assembly with a minimum of one span, bearing to bearing, unless the contract requires full shop assembly of all girders and crossframes.

Read the entire page →

From page 59...

... Washington Wisconsin 506.3.7.1 -- Full-girder assembly is required unless otherwise approved. 6-03.3928 -- Unless contract states otherwise, contractor may choose between special complete, full girder, and progressive girder with at least three girders.

Read the entire page →

From page 60...

... 25% pins and 25% bolts. During erection, the contractor will be responsible for supporting segments of the structure in a manner that will produce the proper alignment and camber in the completed structure.

Read the entire page →

From page 61...

... Additional bolts may be added and tightened at that time. Drift pins to be replaced after all bolts tightened.

Read the entire page →

From page 62...

... Grand Junction 1 Webs horizontal, no crossframes except diaphragms at bearings, minimum bearing to bearing or three members. Harris 1 Webs horizontal without crossframes unless girders have a big skew or large camber; if so, then you may want to test fit a few frames in vertical position.

Read the entire page →

From page 63...

... Fought 2 If curved, and girder lengths are not excessive (radius 1,000 ft or larger, length 100 ft or less) , webs horizontal in a two- or three-girder progressive assembly holding back one girder and a limited web vertical trial assembly of two lines and several girders with crossframes to verify fit.

Read the entire page →

From page 64...

... As for assembly with crossframes, there are some extreme curves and/or skews that should require some type of trial assembly of representative girder sections and their component parts, be it crossframes or lateral bracing, to ensure field fit. This type of assembly should be called for on the design drawings with guidelines establishing the requirements for assembly to meet the contract.

Read the entire page →

From page 65...

... Whether the box is curved or straight, we assemble them with the webs vertical. Industrial 4 Curved box girders or tub girders are always assembled as curved.

Read the entire page →

From page 66...

... Proper installation (progressive) of crossframes on curved girders.

Read the entire page →

From page 67...

... You must consider what type of shop assembly to use, which is based on how complicated the structure is; i.e., straight, curved, radius, skew, connections, and camber. High 6 Geometry control is a must.

Read the entire page →

From page 68...

... Also had problems with curved box girders where the internal lateral bracing members were too light and had to be replaced. Harris 7 Yes High 7 Most issues were related to incorrect information on designs, fabrication tolerances exceeded, or erectors not controlling geometry.

Read the entire page →

From page 69...

... Understanding how curved and skewed bridges function and react is being addressed by the Associated Pennsylvania Constructors Subcommittee, Penn State University, and University of Pittsburgh for PennDOT. Industrial 8 No Lincoln 8 Yes.

Read the entire page →

From page 70...

... Even an experienced erector can experience makeup problems and end up with a structure that is not consistent with the intent of the designers unless this sort of problem is dealt with early in the process. DeLong's 9 No Grand Junction 9 None High 9 We need to consolidate current efforts and control the outcome with a better understanding.

Read the entire page →

From page 71...

... Vincennes 10 Oversized holes in crossframes. For box girders used as pier caps, keep the connection from the girder to the pier cap girder simple.

Read the entire page →

From page 72...

... For example, one part of the erection must be done before another part is started to I cannot recall working on any bridges where the owner provided an erection procedure. The contract documents often provide criteria that govern accommodate traffic during erection.

Read the entire page →

From page 73...

... This leads to the curved girders being erected out of plumb in order to connect the crossframes. The use of undersized bolts will sometimes help in cambered geometry and the crossframes are detailed to final geometry, there will always be some distortion until all dead loads are finally applied.

Read the entire page →

From page 74...

... Neal 6 It is desirable that the flanges be sized so that each individual girder piece can laterally support itself when erected in a simple span or cantilever condition depending on the erection sequence. With long spans and small flanges, temporary lateral support trusses made of angles and wire rope are often required until adjacent girders are erected and permanent crossframes and lateral bracing are connected.

Read the entire page →

From page 75...

... Neal 11 Much research has already been done on curved girders. More needs to be done.

Read the entire page →

From page 76...

... We like concentric, not oversized holes on all members to ensure alignment, spacing, and cross-slope geometry. Secondary members such as lateral bracing are an exception to this rule.

Read the entire page →

From page 77...

... Tigard OR Terry Weir 503-639-3141 Grand Junction Steel Grand Junction CO Jeff Bishop 970-242-4015 Harris Structural Steel Co. Piscataway NJ Richard McCallum 732-752-6070 High Steel Structures, Inc.

Read the entire page →

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Appendix B - Survey Responses Pages 30-77

Appendix B - Survey Responses
Pages 30-77