Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure (2006) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 16-50
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 16... ...
16 3.1 Introduction This chapter consists of case studies of a variety of tunnel incidents that occurred between 1979 and 2004. Each case study includes a list of references.
|
From page 17... ...
surveillance impossible. In addition to police routinely stopping those who appear suspicious, there are security cameras throughout the system.
|
From page 18... ...
(Accessed Nov.
|
From page 19... ...
Line 1 of the Metropolitan Subway began in 1992 and was inaugurated in two stages in 1997 and 1998. It was extended toward the southwest in 2002.
|
From page 20... ...
Available: http:// times.hankooki.com/lpage/200302/kt2003022617213510230. htm (Accessed Nov.
|
From page 21... ...
3.2.3 St. Gotthard Tunnel Fire Location: Goeschenen and Airolo, Switzerland Date: October 24, 2001 Incident Category: crash and fire (road tunnel)
|
From page 22... ...
. 3.2.4 Howard Street CSX Tunnel Fire Location: Baltimore, Maryland Date: July 18, 2001 Incident Category: derailment and fire 22
|
From page 23... ...
Analysis of the Incident Shortly after 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, July 18, 2001, CSX freight train L421216 derailed in the Howard Street Tunnel in Baltimore.
|
From page 24... ...
MARC personnel initiated bus service in the area when trains were unable to pass through. The MTA's Central Light Rail Line, which runs above the Howard Street tunnel, was disrupted, as was MTA bus service, which also runs along Howard Street.
|
From page 25... ...
The fire department worked closely with the department of public works to contain the water main break that occurred directly above the fire. In addition to having to fight a fire in a tunnel that was too dark and smoky for them to enter, the firefighters were faced with the presence of hazardous materials and with the weakened structural integrity of the water main and surrounding areas.
|
From page 26... ...
. Numerical Simulation of the Howard Street Tunnel Fire, Baltimore, Maryland, July 2001.
|
From page 27... ...
Several other incidents occurred in Alpine tunnels or to Alpine trains prior to the Kitzsteinhorn fire. These included the 1999 Mont Blanc Road Tunnel fire that killed 41 people; a 1999 fire in the Tauern motorway tunnel that killed 12 people and injured 50 people; and a 2000 accident in Germany in which two trains collided near the Zugspitze, injuring more than 60 people.
|
From page 28... ...
Officials in ski resorts throughout Austria shut down five similar train systems for safety checks following claims that the Kitzsteinhorn train was not properly fitted with safety devices, such as a sprinkler system, and did not have enough emergency exits or fire extinguishers. An allegation was made that an evacuation drill had never been carried out.
|
From page 29... ...
Begun in 1957 and completed in 1965, the tunnel is a major trans-Alpine transport route, particularly for Italy, which relies on the tunnel to ship as much as one-third of its freight bound for northern Europe. For the French, it is a passage for exports to Italy and a tourist route to the south.
|
From page 30... ...
Fire and Emergency Response Emergency response was provided by tunnel employees and fire departments from France and Italy. A French employee coming from Italy drove past Lay-By 22 and crossed a thick wall of smoke that filled the whole cross section for a distance of 330 to 660 feet (100 to 200 meters)
|
From page 31... ...
Available: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/pubs/full text/nrcc46740/nrcc46740.pdf (Accessed Nov.
|
From page 32... ...
Each running bore has a walkway on the side nearest the service tunnel that was designed specifically for the evacuation of passengers and crew in an emergency. The running tunnels are connected by cross passages to the service tunnel at about 1,230-foot (375-meter)
|
From page 33... ...
one of 29 trucks on the train, which was about 11 miles (18 kilometers) into the tunnel when the fire was discovered.
|
From page 34... ...
Ashara developed the group's primary aim of overthrowing the Japanese government. The group experimented with a range of chemical agents, including variants of nerve agents, such as sarin, tabun, soman, and VX.
|
From page 35... ...
Criminal Justice System Response Because the crime was premeditated rather than accidental, the police response was a large part of the incident aftermath. The police raided Aum Shinrikyo locations and seized a large amount of chemicals normally used in the manufacture of sarin and mustard gases, VX, and other biological agents.
|
From page 36... ...
The two events also led to emotional questioning within the country, because many of the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo had attended top universities and were viewed as elite members of a society in which status and position are difficult to achieve. Conclusions Government studies of the incident found that the response to the disaster lacked coordination.
|
From page 37... ...
The Chicago fire department was notified at 5:57 a.m. Shortly after 6:00 a.m., the Chicago Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Service, part of the fire department, activated the city's emergency operation plan and sought to locate the source of the water, which was initially thought to be a sewer or water main that had burst.
|
From page 38... ...
Fatalities and Injuries There were no fatalities and no injuries reported as a result of the incident. Fire and Emergency Response The Chicago fire department was notified at 5:57 a.m., less than a half hour after the leak was observed.
|
From page 39... ...
King's Cross Station Fire Location: London, England Date: November 18, 1987 Incident Category: fire in escalator in Tube station Tunnel Length: N/A; Tube station Fatalities and Injuries: 31 fatalities, injuries not tallied Synopsis A fire that started in one of four escalators in the London Underground King's Cross station, one of the busiest stations in the system, spread throughout the station and into a ticket hall at about 7:30 p.m., at the end of the evening rush hour. The draft created by train movements, the steep incline of both the escalator and the station itself, and the old paint on the ticket hall walls contributed to create a fast-moving inferno that engulfed the station and thousands of patrons, resulting in 31 deaths.
|
From page 40... ...
However, by 7:45 p.m., the fire had spread rapidly to the ticket hall at the top of the escalators, where it quickly turned into an inferno that destroyed the ticket hall. All but one of the deaths occurred in the period immediately following the spread of the fire.
|
From page 41... ...
The layers of old paint, many of which predated rules pertaining to fire resistance, also contributed to the speed with which the ticket hall was engulfed in flames. The Fennel Report, which included 157 recommendations that were accepted by London Underground and other organizations involved in underground system emergency oversight and response, highlighted the lack of staff training, cuts in expenditures on cleaning, and the absence of a program to replace the wooden escalators.
|
From page 42... ...
There were numerous miscommunications almost as soon as the incident began. San Francisco fire department tapes showed a call from BART dispatchers at 6:00 p.m., but the dispatchers stated that they had reached a wrong number and were disconnected.At 6:09 p.m., BART contacted the Oakland fire department, which dispatched one unit of about 10 firefighters.
|
From page 43... ...
Fire and Emergency Response Fire personnel from the San Francisco and Oakland fire departments responded to the incident, which occurred about a mile (1.6 kilometers) from the Oakland end of the tunnel tube.
|
From page 44... ...
• Receive approval from the Oakland and San Francisco fire chiefs on the new fire rescue procedures. Conclusions Both fire departments had practiced tunnel emergency procedures in drills that involved entering the tunnel tubes and the central corridor, or the gallery that connects them.
|
From page 45... ...
The WTC temporary station is slated to be replaced with a proposed $2 billion permanent WTC Transportation Hub that will include underground pedestrian connections to more than a dozen New York City subway stations and an additional connection to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's proposed Fulton Street Transit Center. Conclusions Based on normal ridership patterns, it is estimated that as many as 3,000 PATH passengers were prevented from 45
|
From page 46... ...
Even when the materials being transported are not flammable or hazardous, serious side effects of fires may be toxic fumes or residue. Freight and motor tunnel incidents hamper economic arrangements by altering patterns for the transport of goods and may lead to long-term damage from flammable cargo or the release of hazardous materials.
|
From page 47... ...
Rescue efforts were hampered by the extreme heat and the risk that additional sections of the tunnel roof might collapse. 3.2.4 Howard Street CSX Tunnel Fire July 18, 2001 0 fatalities, 4 injuries A 60-car freight train, of which eight cars in the rear half of the train were carrying dangerous or hazardous materials, caught fire, probably due to a derailment in the tunnel.
|
From page 48... ...
20, 1995 12 fatalities, 5,000 to 6,000 exposed to the gas The Aum Shinrikyo religious group released canisters of diluted Sarin on five separate trains during the Tokyo subway system's morning rush hour. As many as 6,000 people may have been exposed to the chemical; 12 people died.
|
From page 49... ...
The excessive traffic volumes may have weakened the effect of the life safety and ventilation systems and contributed to post-incident problems. The vast majority of incidents displayed communication gaps.
|
From page 50... ...
A "U" indicates that a particular system or operation played an unfavorable role in the incident, and an "F" indicates that a system played a favorable role.A dash indicates that the accounts do not say anything specific about the particular system. 50 Section Number Title Ventilation Life Safety Systems Power Distribution Command and Control Communications 3.2.1 Moscow Subway Suicide Bombing – – – – – 3.2.2 Jungangno (ChungangRo)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.